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Review of the U.S. Timing Warfare: Concept, Progress and Revelation
Peng GAO, Ke SU, Longwei XU, Yuhan ZHANG, Ke LIANG, Jiale WEI
Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (3): 28-37.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.03.003
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In view of the vulnerabilities inherent in satellite navigation system timing, the U.S. military initially proposed the concept of timing warfare, underscoring the necessity for enhanced emphasis on timing information within the positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) architecture. This conceptual framework subsequently catalyzed the formulation of a series of legislative measures pertaining to timing security. Given the current academic vacuum in timing warfare research, in contrast to Navigation Warfare, this paper systematically examines the conceptual underpinnings and policy evolution of timing warfare, delineates its potential operational manifestations, surveys relevant technological capacity development, and analyzes illustrative cases of timing-related conflicts. Ultimately, it elucidates the strategic implications of the timing warfare concept's emergence and evolution for China's national timekeeping infrastructure development.

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