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Discussion on Radar Equation HOU Jian Modern Defense Technology    2020, 48 (6): 1-4.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2020.06.001 Abstract （6920）      PDF （614KB）（5052）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of microelectronics,the application of solid-state active phased array antenna in radar becomes more and more popular.For the radar with solid-state active phased array antenna,the weighting loss must be considered while using radar equation for performance evaluation if weighting is used to reduce side lobe.The theoretical derivation of this problem is carried out and the formula to calculate the weighting loss is derivated. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrated Air and Missile Defense System-of-Systems of the US Army and Its Inspiration LI Sen, ZHANG Tao, CHEN Gang, YAO Xiao-qiang, MA Chao Modern Defense Technology    2020, 48 (6): 26-38.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2020.06.005 Abstract （7280）      PDF （14534KB）（4440）       Knowledge map    Save Integrated air and missile defense (IAMD) system-of-systems (SoS) is the basic form of the integration of heterogeneous air defense forces,and plays an important role in the future air and space defense operations.Firstly,based on the reasons and objectives of the construction of IAMD,it is pointed out that the construction idea of the IAMD is decoupling the weapon systems and dynamic reorganization of the elements.Secondly,the overall architecture of the system is analyzed,and the core functions of the two key systems integrated battle command system (IBCS) and integrated fire control network (IFCN) are studied.Thirdly,the test situation and ability evolvement of the SoS are reviewed systematically,the construction emphases and development trend are discussed.Finally,the inspiration and suggestion of our army system construction are put forward.The research results show that the US Army has initially possessed the capability of distributed and networked air and missile defense operations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the Research Status and Development Trend of Military Camouflage Technology Wan-li ZHENG, Ping YANG, Shao-qiang YAN, Feng-xuan WU, Song YAN Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (1): 81-86.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.01.012 Abstract （4969）   HTML （212）    PDF （2246KB）（4415）       Knowledge map    Save With the advances in reconnaissance and reconnaissance-strike integrated technology， the transparency of the battlefield in modern warfare is increasing. The survival of military targets faces serious threats， and camouflage protection is an important prerequisite to ensure the survival on the battlefield. The inception， emergence， development and maturing of camouflage technology applications are reviewed； summarizes the research status of certain camouflage technologies such as stealth， sheltering， disruptive pattern-making， and faking. The analysis suggests that future camouflage technologies may incorporate multispectral compatibility， intelligent adaptation， and integrated designs. The paper provides important and valuable references to the R&D of military target camouflage technologies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Active Protection System and Technology Analysis for Military Helicopter SHI Zhi-fu Modern Defense Technology    2021, 49 (5): 1-6.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2021.05.001 Abstract （8458）      PDF （2668KB）（4026）       Knowledge map    Save Active protection technology as an innovative and advanced technology which can increase the battlefield survival for military helicopter.However,our military helicopter especially transport and support helicopter are lack the active protection solution,and liable to be attacked withe great damage cost.In view of the above problems,firstly,active protection system and technology for military helicopter are proposed.Then,the active protection technologies and equipment of the military helicopters at home and abroad are analyzed.At last,the key technical problems for realizing the active protection system are analyzed in detail according to the operational application process.The research results can provide references for helicopter active protection system research and design in future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Air Target Operational Intention Recognition Research Chenhao ZHANG, Yan ZHOU, Yichao CAI, Jiaqi GUO Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.001 Abstract （4752）   HTML （3498）    PDF （762KB）（3871）       Knowledge map    Save With the continuous evolution of war forms and the upgrading of weapons and equipment， the air battlefield situation is becoming more and more complex. Quickly and accurately identifying the combat intention of the target is an important content of battlefield situation assessment， which can provide auxiliary information for commanders to make decisions and help them to seize the initiative in the war. This paper firstly introduces the basic concepts and related models of target intention recognition， defines the concepts of target intention and intention recognition， and determines the status and importance of target intention recognition from two aspects of the operational command decision-making process and information fusion process. Secondly， target features and intention space， as input attributes and recognition framework for intention recognition respectively， are the basis of intention recognition and are reviewed. Then， five common target intention recognition methods such as rule and template matching， evidence theory， Bayesian network， traditional machine learning and neural network are reviewed. The basic mechanism and recognition process of each recognition method are introduced， and its advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Finally， the performance of five kinds of target combat intention recognition methods is compared and analyzed， and the future research direction is prospected. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Testing of Multi Rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Noise Source Tracking and Positioning System Jingyu HE, Jizheng LIU, Zhichen YANG, Dongdong WANG, Ping OU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 1-8.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.001 Abstract （4977）   HTML （2895）    PDF （3666KB）（3785）       Knowledge map    Save Multi-rotor drones are increasingly becoming a threat to critical facilities while bringing convenience. This article focuses on the difficulty of tracking and detecting low slow small unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs）， and develops a UAV tracking， detection， recognition， and positioning system based on microphone array sound source localization. The system acquires UAV noise signals in real time， and then uses a wavelet transform-based beamforming time-frequency sound source localization algorithm for UAV noise source localization， and finally integrates the position of the multi-rotor UAV obtained by inversion of the microphone array and the image captured by the video. Tests conducted in a fully anechoic room have shown that the positioning system can accurately track the lateral flight and up-and-down flight of drones， accurately detect the position of drones even in blind spots of cameras， and effectively compensate for video detection. And the positioning accuracy of the system is 92.2%， which is better than that of similar systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Extinction Characteristics of Smoke Jamming in Spacecraft ZHANG Lei Modern Defense Technology    2021, 49 (3): 80-85.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2021.03.010 Abstract （3080）      PDF （4593KB）（3744）       Knowledge map    Save Based on MIE scattering theory,the radiative transfer model of absorption,emission and scattering particle system in space environment is established.The change of total radiation in smoke diffusion process is studied,and the infrared stealth effect of particle optical properties,particle number density and smoke thickness on the whole smoke shielding is analyzed.The results show that the medium wave can provide a better stealth effect,and can mask up to 90% of the vehicle radiation.The refractive index of particles has little effect on the smoke stealth effect,and the absorption index has a greater effect on the smoke stealth effect;the particle size has a greater impact on the stealth effect,and there is an optimal particle size selection under the specific optical properties.The density of smoke has a saturation value,when the saturation value is exceeded,the stealth effect will not increase,and the thickness of smoke screen has no obvious improvement on the stealth effect. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Operational Effectiveness Evaluation of the Ship Formation Air Defense System Based on OODA WANG Hao Modern Defense Technology    2020, 48 (6): 19-25.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2020.06.004 Abstract （6494）      PDF （834KB）（2839）       Knowledge map    Save On the analysis of the typical combating scenario for the cooperative air defense and anti-missile system of ship formation,research the operational process of the system based on the (observe,orient,decide,act) OODA theory.Then,the combat mission section and function demands are given.The operational effectiveness evaluation index system of cooperative air defense and antimissile system of ship formation is studied.The evaluation model of operational effectiveness,both individual and stage effectiveness for ship formation cooperative air defense and antimissile system were proposed by combing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and index method.An example was given to verify the feasibility of the method,which can provide technical support for operational effectiveness evaluation of the ship formation in cooperative air defense and antimissile system. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mission Capability and Denial Distance Analysis of Small Reconnaissance UAVs Pei HUANG, Guo-hui CAO, Hai-jing ZHANG, Jun-jie ZHANG Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (1): 1-6.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.01.001 Abstract （7747）   HTML （12645）    PDF （689KB）（2689）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV）， UAVs have been widely used in civil and military fields. Small UAVs with “low flight height， slow flight speed and small dimensions” characteristics are especially convenient and flexible to use and relatively inexpensive. They can be used for reconnaissance， surveillance，suicide attack and other task purposes， posing a serious threat to daily air defense security and important assets protection. The main threat patterns of the small reconnaissance UAV and payload capabilities are analized. The denial distance requirements to small UAVs are also proposed， which can provide reference for anti-UAV system development . Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Development of Foreign Hypersonic Offensive and Defensive Weapons Guan WANG, Tong YIN, Ying CAO Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (2): 26-32.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.02.004 Abstract （4088）   HTML （189）    PDF （732KB）（2573）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years， with the rapid development of hypersonic technology， all countries actively promote the research of hypersonic missile weapon system. While speeding up the development of offensive hypersonic missile weapons， they also step up the research of near space hypersonic missile defensive technology. The development layout of hypersonic offensive weapons and the general situation of hypersonic defense system abroad are analyzed in depth， and the application of hypersonic weapons in offensive and defensive operations is summarized. The challenges to national security are analyzed. We hope to promote the development of hypersonic offensive weapons and defense technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Supernetwork Modeling and Interaction Mechanism of Missile Defense System-of-Systems Jian LUO, Xiao-hong YU, Wei JIANG, Jie-juan WANG, Xiao-wei CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (3): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.03.001 Abstract （13909）   HTML （11161）    PDF （1891KB）（2458）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at missile defense system-of-systems process， based on complex network， the application of missile defense system-of-systems is abstracted topologically， and the supernetwork modeling of the application of missile defense system-of-systems is built， which is composed of accusation subnet， information subnet， engagement subnet and sensor subnet. The static interaction mechanism of models is analyzed deeply， and the nodes interaction relationship is described mathematically. The dynamic interaction mechanism of the models is analyzed based on the time sequence of operation phases， and the characteristic parameters reflecting the network evolution characteristics between subnet and internal subnet are extracted. The simulation results show the overall characteristic value such as network density of the network changes in phases， and the information flow changes regularly with phases tasks， as well as the role and status of each node， which is a useful exploration for the following optimization problems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Implications of Intelligent Unmanned Combat Aerial Equipment by the US Army Kang-sheng DONG, Wei-bo HU, Yan-ming SHEN, Shang-qin TANG Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (4): 28-37.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.04.004 Abstract （10340）   HTML （524）    PDF （2237KB）（2395）       Knowledge map    Save U.S. military unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） play an important role in military operations. There is an increasing trend for the total number of the UAVs and their intelligent level. To seize the high ground in the domain of the unmanned intelligent warfare， the US army are carrying out a series of new research projects. This paper analyzes the operational characteristics as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the U.S. military's in-service UAV equipment. According to the latest development of the intelligent technology in software and hardware， the projects of Carrier-Based Aerial-Refueling System， Loyal Wingman， Golden Horde， Project Maven， Advanced Battle Management System are analyzed in detail. The new characteristics and pattern of these intelligent military equipment are presented. The implications and suggestions for tackling the development of unmanned intelligent equipment are proposed in terms of the air combat theory， capabilities and techniques， as well as the equipment system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of the US "Next Generation Overhead Persistent Infrared" (OPIR) Early Warning Satellite Jiu-long WANG, Xiao-yi WANG, Hai-fei HU, Sheng CAI Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (2): 18-25.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.02.003 Abstract （6914）   HTML （273）    PDF （2819KB）（2382）       Knowledge map    Save The U.S. space-based early warning satellite system is an important part of the missile defense system， and the research on its development status and capabilities is of great significance. In order to support China’s fundamental research and engineering development on space-based optical early warning，the research progress and achievements of the US "next generation overhead persistent infrared" （OPIR） early warning satellite are reviewed based on the analysis of the development history， system composition and main issues of the two generations of space-based early warning satellites of the US defense support program （DSP） and space-based infrared system （SBIRS）. The research status of constellation planning， sensor payloads development， ground data processing system， OPIR data standardization is summarized in detail. It is suggested that the research should focus on building the target infrared image data set， developing wide-field of view （WFOV） data processing algorithms， developing search and tracking integrated large area array payload technology， strengthening satellite near-field perception and defense. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Understanding and Thinking about Security Issues of Deep Sea WU Li-jun, HU Jian-hang, WANG Xu, WANG Jian-bin Modern Defense Technology    2021, 49 (1): 27-31.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2021.01.004 Abstract （3548）      PDF （781KB）（2324）       Knowledge map    Save Carrying out holistic concept of National security need to concern security not only from traditional field,but also from jumped up field.As a jumped-up and strategic field,researching security of Deep sea have great significance.From the viewpoint of security research,several problems which are valuable to be regarded during the course of Deep sea exploitation are considered.It is hoped to support the research of security,and attract more people to concern Deep sea security and promoted the development of Deep sea exploitation and security more harmoniously. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Space Equipment Baoyin YAO, Lei MAO, Zhibin WANG Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (2): 33-42.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.02.004 Abstract （3993）   HTML （369）    PDF （1730KB）（2289）       Knowledge map    Save Regarded as one of the “game-changing” cutting-edge technologies by the main powers， artificial intelligence （AI） is expected to improve the reliability， rapidity， and autonomy of space equipment and exert a disruptive impact. In this study， the development state of AI and its applications in space equipment are briefly analyzed. Then， the application architecture of AI in space equipment is established. On this basis， the application scenes of AI in space equipment is studied from several aspects， such as launch vehicles， satellite communications， satellite remote sensing， satellite navigation， manned spacecraft， and space situational awareness according to the dimensions of going into space， utilizing space， and controlling space. Finally， the trends of AI applications in space equipment are summarized. This work can be a reference for the development of AI applications in space equipment in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Tracking and Prediction Technology of Near Space Target LI Jun-long, ZHOU Di, WANG Guan, CHEN Xiao-bo, QIN Lei Modern Defense Technology    2021, 49 (3): 1-12.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2021.03.001 Abstract （698）      PDF （6039KB）（2271）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of near space hypersonic vehicle,tracking and prediction technology of near space target has attracted wide attention.The main tracking and prediction technologies of near space target are discussed,such as the model of near space hypersonic maneuvering target,the design method of multi-model filter,the trajectory prediction method of near space hypersonic maneuvering target,etc.The main problems of existing methods are pointed out,and the main research directions are given. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Brief Review of Compressed-Gas Ejection Application in Weapon System ZHAO Fang, WANG Tai-jiang, CHEN Qin, REN Ze-bin Modern Defense Technology    2021, 49 (5): 95-103.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2021.05.013 Abstract （1055）      PDF （4195KB）（2249）       Knowledge map    Save Compressed air ejection has the advantages of suitable for general use,fast ejection speed,no thermal protection,safety,reusable,environmental and low cost,which is widely used in aerospace,ships and war-ships,land-based weapon system,etc.A large number of literatures are classified and summarized,and the compressed air ejection application research fields are viewed briefly.The key technologies and development prospects of compressed air ejection in various application fields are analyzed briefly.It concluds that the development of an efficient and miniaturized compressed air ejection system is an inevitable trend in all fields,and the research results provide effective references for the application and research of compressed air ejection in future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Architecture Design Method for Intelligent Air and Space Defense Combat System of Systems Xiaobo LI, Mengyi WANG, Yongyi LIAO, Zhijie HUANG, Tao WANG, Weiping WANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (2): 1-12.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.02.001 Abstract （1481）   HTML （1389）    PDF （2546KB）（2237）       Knowledge map    Save Driven by the increasing intelligence of potential threats and the continuous progress of current intelligent technology， the air and space defense combat system of systems （SoS） is not a linear superposition and mechanical stacking of equipment and technology but a comprehensive intelligent agent that organically integrates， dynamically adapts， and continuously evolves various combat elements. On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of intelligent air and space defense combat SoS， this paper innovated the intelligent design paradigm and concept， proposed a SoS architecture design method based on intelligent agent networks， and explored the key technologies of intelligent empowerment architecture design from three aspects： force nodes， force relationships， and adaptive mechanisms. This method provides an intelligent method reference for the top-level design of air and space defense forces， which helps to improve the intelligence and networking level of the construction and application of air and space defense combat SoS. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Mission-Based Command of the U.S. Air Force for Joint Operations Kaibin ZONG, Fei AN, Wenting ZHAO, Liudan YAN, Haijun LIU Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 66-74.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.008 Abstract （1649）   HTML （74）    PDF （1674KB）（2222）       Knowledge map    Save In April 2021， the U.S. Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center officially released “Air Force Doctrine Publication 1： The Air Force” （AFDP-1） （March 10， 2021 Edition）， completing a major update to the Air Force Basic Doctrine Volumes 1 and 2， which serve as the most fundamental doctrine of the U.S. Air Force and will guide the combat operation for a long time. In the updated AFDP-1 doctrine， it is clearly stated that the mission-based command should be regarded as the basic concept of the air force command and control， and the traditional principle of "centralized control and decentralized execution" should be replaced by "centralized command， distributed control and decentralized execution"， in order to accommodate the continuous evolution of operational concept， system architecture and equipment form， and lay the foundation for gaining advantages in major power competition and strong enemy confrontation. In view of such significant changes in the fundamental doctrine， this paper will conduct an in-depth analysis from the aspects of background and motivations， principles and implementation of mission-based command， and its relationship with traditional command paradigm， and gain the insight into the connotation behind such transformation. This paper summarizes the enlightenment and significance brought by this change， which will provide a reference for the future development planning. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Development of U.S. Space Military Strategy and Its Impact on Space Security Hongya LU, Qian WANG, Yue CHEN, Peng CUI Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 31-38.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.004 Abstract （2108）   HTML （139）    PDF （1873KB）（2185）       Knowledge map    Save Space military strategies provide the guidelines and foundations for the development of space forces. By sorting and analyzing the contents of U.S. space military strategy in recent years， the trends of the strategies are summarized. The militarization of space is obviously recognized. The U.S. space military strategies show a trend of developing the theory of space active confrontation， transforming into an independent space combat domain， promoting the application of campaigns and tactics， and strengthening the combination with business alliances. Furthermore， the space strategies show significant influences on the development of the U.S. space force， which manifests in improving the actual combat capabilities and accelerating the systematic transformation of space force.The impacts of the U.S. space strategies on the space posture and space activities are concluded， which probably provides references for China’s space force construction and the struggle for space supremacy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics