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Scenario-Driven and Intelligent Optimization of Disposition Scheme for Air Defense Mingnan TANG, Chenglong ZHANG, Qiang ZHAO, Linlin LI Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.001 Abstract （2326）   HTML （2227）    PDF （2477KB）（492）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the complex battlefield situation and diversified weapons and equipments in the modern battlefield， a typical air defense scene model is constructed. Mathematical model and the program， and the pre-optimization design scheme of the defense resources deployment under multiple constraints are obtained by using intelligent solution algorithm. Optimization design and solution are carried out in typical scenarios by using the nested genetic algorithm for the coverage issues of the detecting perceptual resources, and the intercepting and striking resources. The results show that the nested optimization algorithm can optimize the deployment of operational elements of air defense in typical scenes in a short time. Compared with traditional experience-based methods， the resource deployment scheme given by the optimization design has a higher value of space coverage ratio. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and Evaluation of Core Capabilities of US Ground-Based Midcourse Defense Yuyan TANG Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 10-19.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.002 Abstract （1845）   HTML （136）    PDF （6926KB）（278）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the development of the U.S. ground-based midcourse defense system and public intelligence information， the early warning and tracking identification capabilities， protection zone， missile single-shot kill probability， multiple targets capability and ability level to deal with threat targets are quantitatively analyzed or qualitatively assessed applying systems engineering methods with the industrial foundation and technical level of US ballistic missile defense， which will contribute to understand the capabilities of the U.S. ground-based midcourse defense more thoroughly and accurately. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Design Method of Multi-dimensional Architecture of Cross-Domain Operational Systems Chenglong ZHANG, Qiang ZHAO, Ran WEI, Tong LI Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 20-30.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.003 Abstract （1714）   HTML （122）    PDF （3954KB）（351）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the special complexity of architecture design of cross-domain operational systems， a design method of multi-dimensional architecture is proposed， including the design of conceptual architecture， physical architecture and logical architecture. The definitions and design procedures of the three above architectures are provided， with the conceptual architecture design including threat situation research， opposition research， capacity requirements analysis and operational concept generation， the physical architecture design including component elements selection， connection relationships description and deployment design， the logical architecture design including organizational hierarchy relationships design， operational process design， information sharing design and precision information transmission analysis. The proposed method can provide guidance for the architecture design of cross-domain operational systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Development of U.S. Space Military Strategy and Its Impact on Space Security Hongya LU, Qian WANG, Yue CHEN, Peng CUI Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 31-38.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.004 Abstract （1610）   HTML （124）    PDF （1873KB）（607）       Knowledge map    Save Space military strategies provide the guidelines and foundations for the development of space forces. By sorting and analyzing the contents of U.S. space military strategy in recent years， the trends of the strategies are summarized. The militarization of space is obviously recognized. The U.S. space military strategies show a trend of developing the theory of space active confrontation， transforming into an independent space combat domain， promoting the application of campaigns and tactics， and strengthening the combination with business alliances. Furthermore， the space strategies show significant influences on the development of the U.S. space force， which manifests in improving the actual combat capabilities and accelerating the systematic transformation of space force.The impacts of the U.S. space strategies on the space posture and space activities are concluded， which probably provides references for China’s space force construction and the struggle for space supremacy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Multi-task Controllable Emergence Mechanism for Air and Space Defense System Zonglei BAI, Xiuhua LIU, Tianxiang BAI, Kewu SUN Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 39-48.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.005 Abstract （1312）   HTML （74）    PDF （1379KB）（187）       Knowledge map    Save The research on the emergence of swarm intelligence plays an important role in people's understanding of the laws of nature， optimizing social management， and promoting knowledge innovation. The air and space defense system provides a new scene for the research and application of swarm intelligence. However， the aerospace defense system is a typical nonlinear system， and the controllable emergence of the system faces problems such as exponential explosion of state space， complex dynamic process model， and difficult performance analysis. Aiming at the battlefield defense scenario， this paper carries out the research on the controllable emergence mechanism of intelligent defense system for large-scale target response， complex task scenario adaptation， multi-task coordination and cooperation， and complex system design faced by the air and space defense system， explores the emergence mechanism of the air and space defense system， and provides a new perspective for improving the multi-target response capability， rapid scenario adaptation ability and effective coordination and cooperation among the elements of the air and space defense system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Mission-Based Command of the U.S. Air Force for Joint Operations Kaibin ZONG, Fei AN, Wenting ZHAO, Liudan YAN, Haijun LIU Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 66-74.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.008 Abstract （1258）   HTML （64）    PDF （1674KB）（617）       Knowledge map    Save In April 2021， the U.S. Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center officially released “Air Force Doctrine Publication 1： The Air Force” （AFDP-1） （March 10， 2021 Edition）， completing a major update to the Air Force Basic Doctrine Volumes 1 and 2， which serve as the most fundamental doctrine of the U.S. Air Force and will guide the combat operation for a long time. In the updated AFDP-1 doctrine， it is clearly stated that the mission-based command should be regarded as the basic concept of the air force command and control， and the traditional principle of "centralized control and decentralized execution" should be replaced by "centralized command， distributed control and decentralized execution"， in order to accommodate the continuous evolution of operational concept， system architecture and equipment form， and lay the foundation for gaining advantages in major power competition and strong enemy confrontation. In view of such significant changes in the fundamental doctrine， this paper will conduct an in-depth analysis from the aspects of background and motivations， principles and implementation of mission-based command， and its relationship with traditional command paradigm， and gain the insight into the connotation behind such transformation. This paper summarizes the enlightenment and significance brought by this change， which will provide a reference for the future development planning. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Active-Defense Theory in Electromagnetic Domain Hongxun WANG, Honglei WANG, Jing DENG, Xin XIANG Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 99-106.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.012 Abstract （1257）   HTML （55）    PDF （741KB）（209）       Knowledge map    Save For a long time， hostile close-in reconnaissance （HCR） against China by foreign countries has become increasingly fierce， and has been upgraded to the theoretical level of "deterrence by detection"， showing a systematic and intelligent development trend. The threat， efficiency mechanism， technical theory， cognitive limitations of HCR are analyzed， limitations and cognitive misunderstandings of traditional DHCR （denial of hostile approaching reconnaissance） operations are analyzed. Taking electronic reconnaissance and radar counter-reconnaissance in electronic warfare as examples， regaining the electromagnetic right in DHCR is focused both with denying the tasks of HCR operations， a new theory of active defense in electromagnetic domain is proposed， and combined with the DHCR， a new tactical operation type is proposed with name of CRJ， laying a theoretical foundation for the systematization of DHCR. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Air-to-Ground Target Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-branch Context Fusion Ming HE, Zihan ZHU, Xulong ZHAI, Zheng ZHAI, Chengpeng HAO Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 91-98.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.011 Abstract （1247）   HTML （49）    PDF （2015KB）（166）       Knowledge map    Save The intelligent application of unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） is a hot topic in current research. To achieve efficient and real-time air-to-ground target detection for UAVs， this paper proposes a lightweight MBCF-YOLO model for air-to-ground target detection. First， a deep separable convolution to redesign an efficient and lightweight backbone network is introduced. Then， a small target detection branch with embedded recursive attention mechanism is added to the neck network to improve the detection accuracy of small targets and the ability of feature fusion. Finally， the focus loss function is combined with loss rank mining to improve the original loss function to overcome the data imbalance problem of air-to-ground datasets. Several control experiments and real machine applications have been conducted on this algorithm model， and the results show that compared with other current algorithms， the MBCF-YOLO algorithm achieves a better balance between accuracy and latency on the VisDrone 2021 dataset. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Thoughts on Development of the Battle Management of the Aerospace Defense Equipment System Fangfang LI, Mingyang LIU, Dongxu CAO Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 49-56.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.006 Abstract （1218）   HTML （85）    PDF （621KB）（281）       Knowledge map    Save The features of the aerospace defense equipment system include the large quantity of its elements， the large space of the deployment， the deep cross-linking of the coordination， and the strong game confrontation. The battle management of the equipment elements is a necessary tool for the improving of the combat effectiveness， and is also proven to be one of the most effective tools by the practice at home and abroad. This paper shows the basic connotation， the features and the abroad development status of the battle management of the aerospace defense equipment system， and provides some thoughts and advices on the subsequent development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Discussion on the Development of Collaborative Detection and Guidance Technology Shengbo DONG, Qiya SU, Muyao YU, Qing ZHAO Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 75-82.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.009 Abstract （1211）   HTML （60）    PDF （761KB）（284）       Knowledge map    Save Modern combat is currently undergoing profound changes. Various military strategies and technologies have continuously emerged， such as distributed killing， mosaic warfare and para-suppression engineering. Against this background， this paper focuses on analyzing the characteristics of multi-domain integration in the Russia-Ukraine war， summarizing two major challenges including performance boundary and physical boundary， proposing the development direction of collaborative detection and guidance based on full-domain holographic situational awareness， refining eight key technologies including but not limited to the generic collaborative detection and guidance system architecture， and exploring the ways of implementation. The evolution of detection and guidance technology is promoted to multi-domain joint， cross-domain collaboration and full-domain countermeasure， supporting higher-level information-based warfare in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Modeling Technology and Feature Cognition of Electromagnetic Scattering Characteristics of Aerospace Targets Zhihe XIAO, Hongmei REN, Chunzhu DONG, Tao ZHAO, Xuan CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 83-90.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.010 Abstract （1190）   HTML （41）    PDF （2189KB）（179）       Knowledge map    Save Accurate detection of aerospace target is the primary challenge of recognition. The electromagnetic scattering characteristics are an important basis for radar sensor-based target recognition in defense systems. This paper summarizes the current status of foreign research on the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of aerospace target. Aiming at the difficulties such as accurate modeling， efficient simulation， and recognition of application of electromagnetic scattering characteristics of aerospace targets with high dynamic and complex structures， the research approach of electromagnetic scattering characteristics modeling and feature recognition technology of aerospace targets are proposed. Combined with simulation examples， it expounds the methods for realizing dynamic scene construction of target groups， efficient generation of target characteristics， and feature cognition of typical dynamic scenes such as micro-motion， separation and target groups. This paper analyzes changes in the scattering mechanism caused by the future development of aerospace targets and presents ideas for deepening research on the characteristics of aerospace defense targets. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effectiveness Evaluation and Defense Strategies for Network Attacks of Air and Missile Defense System Bin WANG, Jice WANG, Ying SHANG, Xiaofei WANG, Quan WEN Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 57-65.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.007 Abstract （1145）   HTML （78）    PDF （886KB）（209）       Knowledge map    Save The networked air and missile defense system has the ability to flexibly control combat resources， effectively realize dynamic cross-domain command and control， and efficiently complete combat tasks. However， networked and integrated operations increase the risk of weapon systems suffering from cyber attacks while improving combat effectiveness， which will seriously threaten network security and combat effectiveness of combat equipment. Taking the U.S. tactical-level air and missile defense system as an example， according to its networked combat characteristics， this paper analyzes the security vulnerabilities of the air and missile defense network， and constructs an assessment model to analyze the probabilities of destroying network nodes. Three indicators are designed and used to evaluate the network performance loss of the node suffered network attack. The OPNET platformand the NetworkX are used to carry out network simulation experiments. Based on the evaluation results， the network defense strategies are proposed to provide reference for the improvement of the security defense capability. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimal Configuration Design for Multi-platform Collaborative Target Tracking Yongzheng YU, Xuehui SHAO, Shibo GAO, Zhiwei PU, Bing XUE Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 107-119.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.013 Abstract （1126）   HTML （34）    PDF （1277KB）（196）       Knowledge map    Save To solve the optimal configuration design problem in passive and active passive multi-platform collaborative tracking scenarios， a multi-platform collaborative tracking optimal configuration design method based on effectiveness evaluation system is proposed. The mathematical model of passive and active passive multi-platform cooperative tracking is derived， and the effectiveness that can evaluate the tracking results is selected as the tracking effectiveness. A quantitative function is designed to unify the tracking effectiveness dimension； the analytic hierarchy process is used to construct a tracking effectiveness evaluation system， and a formula for calculating the effectiveness evaluation value is derived. In order to obtain the optimal configuration parameters， establish a maximum effectiveness evaluation value， consider the optimal design problem constrained by the range of configuration parameters and communication rate； then， the differential evolution algorithm is used to solve the optimal design problem. The final simulation results show that the proposed method can obtain the optimal configuration parameters and complete the configuration design with the optimal tracking effectiveness evaluation value. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress and Countermeasures Against UAV Swarm Operations Abroad Ruijie WANG, Dechao WANG, Lu FENG, Zhengdang ZHAO, Zheliang CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (4): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.04.001 Abstract （477）   HTML （314）    PDF （1155KB）（548）       Knowledge map    Save Driven by the technological advancements and military demands， unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） swarm warfare has emerged as a disruptive new style of warfare that can change the rules of engagement. Fierce competition has unfolded among major military powers around "swarm technologies and tactics". The concept and advantages of UAV swarm operation are introduced， and the development of the swarm operation types abroad is summarized. Based on the shortages and restrictions of conventional military equipment， the anti-swarm operation and explores the development direction of anti-swarm equipment and technology is analyzed. A dynamic kill chain construction strategy is put forward to solve the problem of inadequate application of adequate anti-swarm approaches and theories， and achieve systematic confrontation by comprehensively using a variety of anti-UAV swarm equipment in the future，laying the solid foundation for the development of the systematized anti-swarm operation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Modern Aerospace Defense Systems Constructed by En-Intelligence Mingnan TANG, Chenglong ZHANG, Ran WEI, Bohan WANG Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (5): 1-7.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.05.001 Abstract （453）   HTML （560）    PDF （478KB）（685）       Knowledge map    Save Currently， the strategic competition among major powers is intensifying. Various operational concepts such as joint all domain concept （JADC）， mosaic warfare， and distributed defense， have brought new threats to the existing aerospace defense system. Against the background of strategic competition among major powers， the characteristics of modern aerospace defense systems are analyzed， such as completeness of operation elements， openness of architecture， antagonism of systems， and convergence of capabilities. The challenges of intelligent development in the aerospace defense system are studied， and the key points of intelligent development of aerospace defense systems are given. In addition， a development vision for an intelligent aerospace defense system featuring agile operation， robust antagonism， and efficient management and control is presented， which provides a new idea for the modernization construction of aerospace defense systems. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Deployment Method of Ground-Based Tactical Laser System for UAV Swarm Defense Based on PSO Algorithm Changhong QU, Yu SONG, Kun WANG, Qingyong CUI, Jiangyang CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (5): 15-24.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.05.003 Abstract （322）   HTML （29）    PDF （1324KB）（147）       Knowledge map    Save In modern wars， it is difficult for traditional air defense systems to effectively and economically counter unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） swarm， and ground-based laser systems have become an important means of UAV swarm defense under the key area defense scenarios. Research on the deployment of laser systems will help give full play to their combat capability. Based on the power density concept， the damage model of ground-based laser systems to the UAV target flying at a uniform speed in a straight line is derived. A fitness function is designed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the deployment scheme. Additionally， the particle swarm optimization （PSO） algorithm is adopted to provide the optimal deployment scheme under different specifications and quantities of deployable laser systems， and under different possible attack directions， heights， and speeds of UAVs. Comparison with the scheme of deploying all the laser systems in the center of the key area and of deploying these systems randomly verifies the correctness of the proposed scheme. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Equipment System of Systems（SoS）Engineering Method and Digitalization Wenzhuo TANG, Tianqi CAI, Changhui ZHUANG, Rui MIN Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (4): 10-15.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.04.002 Abstract （272）   HTML （35）    PDF （961KB）（144）       Knowledge map    Save Without a unified top-level design of the system of systems （SoS） construction， the elements of the SoS will fight against each other， and hence the SoS will inevitably face problems such as inconsistent indicators， mismatched functions， and irregular integration. In order to solve these problems， it is necessary to adopt SoS engineering method and carry out forward design. The types， characteristics and the construction requirements of the SoS in the military domain are analyzed. Aiming at realizing the combat ability， the model-based SoS engineering construction method is given， according to the four stages of “SoS design， SoS construction， SoS application， SoS evaluation”. Employing digital means to support SoS research and application is introduced. By using digitization， SoS engineering， processes and tools are integrated to create a new SoS engineering construction mode. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Threat Assessment of Penetrating Counterair Operational Aircraft Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process Junchen BAO, Daowen HAN, Li CHENG, Shuangyu WANG, Zhenzhi SONG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (1): 8-15.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.01.002 Abstract （272）   HTML （30）    PDF （717KB）（407）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the operational concept of penetrating counterair of the U.S. Air Force， in order to meet the requirements of target analysis of anti penetrating counterair operation， a threat assessment method for penetrating counterair operational aircraft is proposed. According to the characteristics of penetrating counterair operation， the aircraft threat assessment indicators is set up， and a threat assessment indicator system for penetrating counterair operational aircraft is built； based on the analytic hierarchy process， the penetrating counterair operational aircraft threat assessment model is established and the threat ranking of penetrating counterair operational aircraft is obtained. The effectiveness and rationality of the proposed threat assessment method are verified by case calculation， which can provide a basis for target analysis and strategy research of anti penetration counterair operation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Threat Control Zone of US Ground-based Midcourse Defense Yuyan TANG Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (5): 8-14.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.05.002 Abstract （246）   HTML （48）    PDF （3964KB）（171）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the public intelligence information and performance parameters of US ground-based midcourse defense system， a method of threat control zone of ballistic missile defense is proposed. An analysis model of threat control zone of US ground-based midcourse defense is constructed. The threat control zone of US ground-based midcourse defense in the two cases of GBI in flight keeping line-of-sight communication with base and supported by multiple IFICS data terminals （IDT） is simulated， which will contribute to understand the capabilities of US ground-based midcourse defense more thoroughly and accurately. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on U.S. Military’s Kill Web Concept and Inspiration to Chinese Air Defense Combat Equipment System Yuqian WANG, Yajie CAO, Xiaoqiong SHE, Yongyi LIAO Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (6): 1-8.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.001 Abstract （233）   HTML （218）    PDF （2152KB）（448）       Knowledge map    Save The defense advanced research projects agency （DARPA） seeks to transform from a kill chain to a kill web and intends to construct a highly decentralized kill web to create an unpredictable kill chain through information networks. Under the test flag system， U.S. air force has conducted “orange flag” “emerald flag” and “black flag” tests to promote the application of the kill web concept. Firstly， based on the kill web combat concept， the connotations and differences of the kill web and kill chain are summarized. Secondly， the development background of the “adaptive cross-domain kill webs” program of DARPA is clarified， and its architectural design based on the “supplier-consumer” framework of E-commerce is analyzed. The key technical demonstrations of the program supported by the “anytime reasoning and analysis for kill-web negotiation and instantiation across domains” software are summarized. Thirdly， the key technologies required for kill web are proposed from the aspects of combat management， system architecture， secure communication， infrastructure， and standard specifications. Finally， in view of constructing a resilient kill web for the Chinese military’s defense combat， some suggestions on the construction of a Chinese air defense combat equipment system are given from the technical perspective. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics