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Analysis of Anti-jamming Performance of Adaptive Frequency Selection Diversity in Troposcatter Communication Binsong SHEN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 65-72.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.007 Abstract （5802）   HTML （314）    PDF （2164KB）（539）       Knowledge map    Save In order to improve the evaluation accuracy of anti-jamming performance of frequency selection diversity in troposcatter communication， an analysis method of adaptive frequency selection diversity anti-jamming performance is proposed. Based on the anti-fading diversity reception demodulation algorithm， a frequency selection anti-jamming analysis model is established. Through simulation analysis， accurate anti-interference performance of frequency selection diversity is obtained， and quantized analysis results are obtained according to different interference characteristics. The simulation results show that the adaptive frequency selection diversity anti-jamming analysis method is superior to the existing troposcatter communication anti-jamming analysis method， convenient and effective， and significantly improves the accuracy of anti-jamming performance evaluation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analytical Modeling of Radial Electromagnetic Force of IPMSM Considering Asymmetric Saturation Xuelei ZHANG, Shu WANG, Zhengyu LIU, Chenghao KOU, Zuxu GUO Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 45-57.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.005 Abstract （5326）   HTML （334）    PDF （5287KB）（588）       Knowledge map    Save Due to the magnetic saturation characteristic of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor （IPMSM）， there is no effective method to analyze the radial electromagnetic force on the stator of PMSM. It is also disadvantageous to suppress the electromagnetic vibration and noise of the motor in the early stage of design and development. An analytical calculation model of electromagnetic force is presented to solve the problem of rotor unsymmetrical magnetic saturation of IPMSMs. By combining the winding function method with the equivalent magnetic circuit method， the magnetic dynamic potential of the motor considering the electromagnetic saturation is derived. The equivalent air gap permeability of the motor is calculated by using Carter factor. The air gap magnetic field model is established by the method of magnetic potential multiply permeability， and the analytical model of the radial electromagnetic force of the motor is finally established by the Maxwell stress equation. Finally， the accuracy of the model is verified by finite element method. The model can reflect the relationship between the electromagnetic force and the structure parameters of the motor， and is helpful to improve the structure of the motor quickly in the design stage to suppress the electromagnetic vibration and noise. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Improved Filtering Algorithm for Filtering Divergence in Integrated Navigation Yuhao LI, Yu CHEN, Yuhang LIU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 58-64.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.006 Abstract （5312）   HTML （325）    PDF （891KB）（494）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the problems of Kalman filter dispersion and inability to accurately track the error changes in the vehicle combination navigation system， an improved adaptive filtering algorithm is designed. By analyzing the judging condition of filter divergence in principle， combining Sage-Husa filtering with multiple fading filtering algorithm， the fading factor is introduced in the filtering process. The filtering state and updating strategy are switched by the divergence condition， so that the state of filter returns to normal in time when divergence occurs. The improved algorithm is subjected to Jetlink inertial guidance/odometer combination navigation simulation tests and track of vehicle experiment. Simulation and experimental results are presented that the divergence of filter can be suppressed， and in the meanwhile， the adaptability and stability of the filter are enhanced to a certain extent. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Key Technology and Application of Soldier Radio Waveform Chao YUN, Yanxiu ZHANG, Zhiqiang TAN, Panpan JIANG, Yiming QIAN, Yinghao DAN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 73-88.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.008 Abstract （5093）   HTML （261）    PDF （3358KB）（1053）       Knowledge map    Save The research related to the U.S. army soldier radio waveform （SRW） is analysed. An overview of the SRW waveform is given， focusing on the technical regime of the waveform， and a detailed analysis of the protocol stack and the network architecture is presented. The SRW is designed hierarchically from the physical layer， link layer and network layer and the application in relevant radio station （AN/PRC-152 radio station， AN/PRC-154 radio station， AN/PRC-155 radio station） is discussed in depth. Through the analysis and research of SRW waveform and related radio application discussion， it can provide relevant research results and reference basis for the new type of soldier self-organized network waveform design， and promote the development of new system of soldier self-grouping network radio development by leaps and bounds. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Air Target Operational Intention Recognition Research Chenhao ZHANG, Yan ZHOU, Yichao CAI, Jiaqi GUO Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.001 Abstract （4950）   HTML （3505）    PDF （762KB）（4130）       Knowledge map    Save With the continuous evolution of war forms and the upgrading of weapons and equipment， the air battlefield situation is becoming more and more complex. Quickly and accurately identifying the combat intention of the target is an important content of battlefield situation assessment， which can provide auxiliary information for commanders to make decisions and help them to seize the initiative in the war. This paper firstly introduces the basic concepts and related models of target intention recognition， defines the concepts of target intention and intention recognition， and determines the status and importance of target intention recognition from two aspects of the operational command decision-making process and information fusion process. Secondly， target features and intention space， as input attributes and recognition framework for intention recognition respectively， are the basis of intention recognition and are reviewed. Then， five common target intention recognition methods such as rule and template matching， evidence theory， Bayesian network， traditional machine learning and neural network are reviewed. The basic mechanism and recognition process of each recognition method are introduced， and its advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Finally， the performance of five kinds of target combat intention recognition methods is compared and analyzed， and the future research direction is prospected. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Research on Multiple Attribute Decision-Making Methods in Target Threat Assessment Xuegeng ZHU, Jialu LIU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 89-100.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.009 Abstract （4932）   HTML （236）    PDF （558KB）（583）       Knowledge map    Save Target threat assessment provides data support for command decision-making， and multi-attribute decision-making method is an effective means of target threat assessment. Combined with the characteristics of multi-attribute decision-making methods， the research status of multi-attribute decision-making method in battlefield target threat assessment is systematically summarized from four aspects， which are threat assessment index selection， threat assessment index description， threat assessment index weight determination and target threat ranking method. The problems in each aspect are analyzed， and the future application of multi-attribute decision-making method in battlefield target threat assessment is discussed， so as to provide reference for subsequent research on battlefield target threat assessment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Optimization Algorithms for UAV Routes Wenbiao HE, Yongjiang HU, Wenguang LI Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 24-32.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.003 Abstract （4826）   HTML （396）    PDF （827KB）（836）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing mission complexity and environmental uncertainty of UAV， the requirements for route planning also increase， and the complexity of the route planning problem gradually increases from single UAV route planning to multi-UAV planning， and from single mission to multi-mission. To find a solution to the UAV route planning problem， a comprehensive analysis from aspects of concept， connotation， task modeling and algorithm analysis is presented. To solve the problems of existing route planning algorithms， such as， poor optimal path effect， slow convergence speed and tendency of falling into local optimization， applications and problems of UAV route planning with A* algorithm， particle swarm algorithm， genetic algorithm as well as ant colony algorithm are analyzed， and directions of algorithm optimizations and improvements are proposed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Time/Frequency-Domain Index Mapping of Air-Defense Missile Rolling Channel Control Shuaihao YAN, Mingying WEI, Yongbin ZHENG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 33-44.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.004 Abstract （4750）   HTML （330）    PDF （2478KB）（486）       Knowledge map    Save In the design of air-defense missile control system， how to quickly and efficiently design the control system to meet the given index has always been a hot issue. In this paper， the control structure is designed from the mathematical point of view. Taking the design of the rolling channel control system as an example， the mapping relationship between the time-domain index， the frequency-domain index and the control parameters， and the mapping relationship between the time-domain index and the frequency-domain index are established by using the analytical method， the root locus method and the amplitude-phase characteristic Bode diagram method. The mapping relationship can give consideration to both time-domain and frequency-domain indexes to design control parameters more quickly and efficiently， and can also obtain the rule of index changes when control parameters change. Finally， the correlation among system time constant， rise time， cut-off frequency and closed loop bandwidth is established analytically. Through this correlation， a clearer physical understanding of the system can be established， which is helpful to guide how to take measures when the system oscillates or diverges in engineering design. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review on Complex Battlefield Electromagnetic Environment Yanyan MA, Qiang LIN, Chuang NIU, Duanyang SHI, Lei CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 16-23.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.002 Abstract （4310）   HTML （433）    PDF （830KB）（912）       Knowledge map    Save The complex battlefield electromagnetic environment is an important element of the modern battlefield. It is important to master its connotation and characteristics to improve battlefield perception， weapon effectiveness， and survivability. The complex battlefield electromagnetic environment research has great application value for weapon capability. The basic concepts and research status of complex battlefield electromagnetic environment is summarized. The study of complex battlefield electromagnetic environment is summarized as electromagnetic environment description， monitoring， measurement and construction， and weapon adapt-ability test in two aspects of cognitive research and application research， and these five contents are discussed respectively. Finally， the future research direction and trend of complex battlefield electromagnetic environment are prospected Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Development and Performance Analysis of the KEI Missile in the United States Xu ZHANG, Peng ZENG, Mingying WEI, Xu LI, Jianheng XUE, Chao WANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 31-39.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.005 Abstract （1512）   HTML （109）    PDF （2079KB）（680）       Knowledge map    Save Kinetic energy interceptor （KEI） is mainly used to intercept medium-range and intercontinental ballistic missiles flying in the boost phase， ascent phase and midcourse， with the characteristics of high speed and high acceleration. Based on the research and analysis of literature and modeling simulation， this paper conducts reverse design and research on KEI missile's overall parameters， aerodynamic parameters and dynamic parameters， and simulates KEI missile's flight performance and interception performance. The results show that KEI missile can accelerate to 6 km/s in about 60 s. It also has the ability to intercept ballistic missiles in the boost phase/ascent phase for typical targets， and has reference significance for the development and research of domestic interceptor weapons. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Digital Research and Development Methods for Electronic Information Equipment Jiutao WU, Zhiqian WU, Chao YANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 25-30.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.004 Abstract （1210）   HTML （72）    PDF （1256KB）（367）       Knowledge map    Save This manuscript analyzes the military demand for equipment digitization from external challenges， internal requirements， and technological trends. It provides an in-depth explanation of the concept， essence advantages， and enabling mechanisms of equipment digitization， and proposes general methods for its construction. Focusing on electronic information equipment， it examines its digital characteristics， challenges， and current status. Addressing the difficulties and gaps in the digitization of electronic information equipment， it combines the experience of digitization construction in our unit to summarize a generalized implementation approach， providing reference and guidance for digital construction within the industry. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Heuristic Target Assignment Method for Swarm Operations Xiqing WEI, Sha DU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 47-51.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.007 Abstract （1040）   HTML （52）    PDF （444KB）（213）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of low-cost and intelligent technologies， swarm operations are becoming a hot research topic. As the size of the swarm increases， efficient target assignment algorithms become an important research direction. In order to improve the computational efficiency of target assignment， this paper takes the surplus value of target clusters as the optimization goal， uses the greedy algorithm to select local optimal solutions step by step， and ultimately obtains an approximate global optimal solution for target assignment. Simulation of typical target assignment problems verifies the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulation Method of Target Track Based on Embedded Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Yanyan MA, Qiang LIN, Chuang NIU, Haida YANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 51-60.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.007 Abstract （1013）   HTML （52）    PDF （2388KB）（272）       Knowledge map    Save A target track simulation method based on embedded PSO is proposed to address the fidelity and universal applicability issues of radar-moving target track simulation. Firstly， the principle of simulation moving target track by UAV is analyzed， the motion model and coupling relationship between the UAV and the simulated target is discussed and the control quantity and control equation are determined. Then， based on constraint conditions of target motion track simulation， the objective optimization fitness function is proposed by UAV performance and energy consumption， and the optimal control model of target track simulation is established. Finally， in order to improve the accuracy and practicality of the model solution， the particle swarm optimization algorithm is improved and embedded in the model solution， achieving effective simulation of different motion tracks of the target. The simulation results indicate that this method can have wide applicability for simulating the track of moving targets. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Evaluation Method of Anti-UAV Schemes Jiangfeng YUE, Jinghua XIE Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 9-16.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.002 Abstract （1005）   HTML （98）    PDF （1124KB）（570）       Knowledge map    Save There are abundant means and complex equipments involved in the anti-UAV operation， and many factors need to be considered， which makes the comprehensive evaluation and optimization of the combat schemes more difficult. Based on the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）， the comprehensive evaluation of combat schemes is carried out on the basis of constructing a three-tier index system including the objective layer， criterion layer and index layer， combining with experts' investigation and scoring， constructing a judgment matrix， comprehensively evaluating the weight vector of indicators at all levels， and then calculating the influence weight of each base indicator relative to the top objective. Overall evaluation results of different combat schemes can be obtained according to the simulation results of anti-UAV swarm combat， their corresponding index weights and comparability. The problem of deriving overall evaluation conclusions of combat schemes from relatively measurable indicators can be solved. At the same time， factors that have a greater influence on improving combat effectiveness can be discovered more easily. And to find a more realistic and feasible way to optimize the operational plan efficiently. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Integral Sliding Mode Active Disturbance Rejection Control for Hypersonic Vehicles Weiqiang TANG, Chengchao JIA, Wenke SHI, Tianpeng XU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 40-50.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.006 Abstract （983）   HTML （58）    PDF （1316KB）（404）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the uncertainty problem of hypersonic vehicles， a tracking strategy combining active disturbance rejection control and integral sliding mode control is proposed. The hypersonic vehicle model is transformed into a velocity subsystem and an altitude subsystem， where the velocity subsystem is a first-order system， and the altitude subsystem consists of the altitude loop， track angle loop， and pitch angle loop. Tracking differentiator is used to arrange the transition process of the system， and extended state observer is used to estimate the total disturbance. The integral sliding mode control law is designed to replace the nonlinear state error feedback control law. The results show that the designed tracking control strategy has strong robustness to hypersonic vehicle uncertainty. Compared with the traditional sliding mode active disturbance rejection control， it has more advantages in adjustment time， tracking accuracy and control signal smoothness. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trajectory Optimization for Climbing Phase of Hypersonic Missile with Multi-objective and Multi-degree-of-freedom Suyu YAN, Chao MING, Xiaoming WANG, Zhihua WEI, Kaiyuan YANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 52-60.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.008 Abstract （972）   HTML （45）    PDF （1778KB）（179）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the trajectory optimization problem of air-breathing hypersonic missile， which can reflect its dynamic characteristics more truly and meet the requirements of multiple optimization indexes in the climbing phase， a trajectory optimization design method for air-breathing hypersonic missile with multi-degree-of-freedom is proposed. Under multiple constraints such as overload and dynamic pressure， the weighted summation method is used to design the double optimal target， and the hp adaptive pseudo-spectrum method is used to design and analyze the climbing trajectory of the air-breathing hypersonic missile. Simulation results show that this method can effectively solve the comprehensive optimization problem considering the minimum climb time and the minimum fuel consumption at the same time， and the multi-degree-of-freedom design can reflect the dynamic characteristics of the air-breathing hypersonic missile climbing stage more truly. Improved trajectory performance provides a new idea for trajectory optimization design of air-breathing hypersonic missile. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interior Ballistic Design of a Multi-gas Generators Ejecting System Xiaoying HE, Yanzhong Lin Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 41-46.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.006 Abstract （968）   HTML （47）    PDF （758KB）（97）       Knowledge map    Save For missile ejecting power system with multi-gas generators， the normal way of solving the interior ballistic equations is assuming the design parameters， the number of generators and the ignition time of gas generators by experience， in order to make the interior ballistic parameters， such as the detached velocity， meet the index requirements. Once the setup of the gas generator parameters is unsuitable， the optimization solution is easily failed. A calculation method is proposed based on the interior ballistic target， such as missile detached velocity. The number， output flux and ignition time of multi-gas generators are calculated step by step. Finally the suitable propellant charge parameters and structure parameters of multi-gas generators are gained. The solution method was realized by programming using Matlab. The interior ballistic simulation for missile launching using different units of multi-gas generators was carried out. The parameters of multi-gas generators computed by this method can be used as the input of the later optimization of interior ballistic solution. The research can greatly support the initial interior ballistic design of missile launching power system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Summary of Research on Evaluation Methods for Operational Capability of Air Defense Systems Peng ZHANG, Ke FENG, Kai ZHAO, Jiancheng GONG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 24-32.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.004 Abstract （923）   HTML （72）    PDF （1293KB）（226）       Knowledge map    Save The formation and development of networked air defense systems are not only necessary for adapting to anti air attack operations and responding to air and space threats， but also for promoting and guiding information technology and new combat theories. It is an inevitable choice for adapting to intelligent and networked operations of the system. As the critical basis for evaluating the success or failure of air defense operations， it has become an urgent task to assess the operational capability of air defense systems in the new mode. The article summarizes the research achievements in the field， analyzes the current research status， elaborates on the main problems faced， proposes the trend of networked operation of air defense systems， and suggests that the evaluation of air defense system combat capability has changed from “simple sum” to “emerging sum，” from “single result” to “result cloud，” and from “indicator tree” to “indicator network，” providing a theoretical reference for the evaluation of the combat capability of complex air defense systems with significant networked features in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Load Cascading Failure Model for Asymmetric Dependent Command and Control Networks Dijiu YUE, Jianhua LI, Jieyong ZHANG, Fei CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 61-71.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.009 Abstract （899）   HTML （42）    PDF （1544KB）（80）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the chain reaction process of failure diffusion when a command and control（C2） network nodes are attacked， based on the asymmetric dependent C2 network model， the initial load is defined by the comprehensive importance of nodes， and the capacity load nonlinear model is used to calculate the node capacity. Based on the characteristics of the physical and logical layers of the C2 network， optimal allocation strategies for failed node capacity and non-uniform load adjustable reassignment strategies are proposed， respectively， a cascading failure model suitable for C2 networks is constructed， and tthe impact of key parameters on the invulnerability of cascading failures in C2 networks is analyzed using numerical simulation. The research results show that the capacity margin differentiation parameter is positively related to the cascade failure scale of C2 network， while the node overload parameter and load partition coefficient are negatively related； faced with attacks， accusing the network of seepage failure， dependent failure， and overload failure， the network becomes more fragile； compared with existing models， the constructed model can more effectively suppress cascading failure propagation and improve network invulnerability. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Threat Assessment of Missile Targets Based on Gradient Fuzzy TOPSIS Youxi XU, Jian HE, Xuebo CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 33-40.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.005 Abstract （873）   HTML （56）    PDF （784KB）（114）       Knowledge map    Save A TOPSIS missile target threat assessment algorithm based on gradient fuzzy is proposed for the problem of missile target threat assessment. By using the TOPSIS（technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution） method to calculate weight values and combining gradient fuzzy calculation with the fuzzy matrix， the comprehensive weight values of target threat assessment indicators can be obtained， which can solve the problem of weight deviation caused by large differences in the magnitude of data indicators for various factors， such as large or small deviation. The evaluation results of typical cases indicate that the proposed improved algorithm overcomes the problem of weight difference and effectively enhances the credibility of missile target threat assessment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics