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Research and Enlightenment of Artificial Intelligence Defense Technology Qingtian ZHAO, Liwei LI, Xin CHEN, Lizhi HOU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 55-63.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.007 Abstract （6101）   HTML （344）    PDF （1406KB）（1134）       Knowledge map    Save The wide application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has led to the continuous evolution of war forms. To meet the challenge of intelligent warfare， this paper analyzes the development trend and the role of artificial intelligence technology and discusses the necessity of developing artificial intelligence defense technology in the military. From the view of "hard strike" and “soft strike”， the technical ideas of defense against anti-AI weapon systems and AI security defense architecture are given. The technical principles of pollution strike， reverse strike， backdoor strike， and confrontation strike are analyzed emphatically. Suggestions for strengthening AI defense technology research are given from six aspects： top-level design， application review， data governance， primary analysis， command art， and human-machine hybrid intelligence. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tactical Intent Recognition of Complex Air Targets Based on PACA Xiaocheng SONG, Shuting FENG, Tao JIANG, Zhi LI Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 48-54.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.006 Abstract （5829）   HTML （342）    PDF （799KB）（1037）       Knowledge map    Save In view of the dynamic nature of air target track， time sequence variation and multiple intentions in battlefield， this paper proposes a recognition method based on end-to-end generic attribute learning， which is used as the basic framework of intelligent multi-intention recognition model. By integrating the time sequence features and attribute characteristics of the target track， the unified input coding information is compressed and modified to encapsulate the knowledge and experience of experts as labels， and the commander's thinking mode of wartime situation judgment is learned to eliminate the interference factors brought by its concealment， deception and confrontation， so as to obtain the complex tactical intention of the specific target. Through the simulation experiment， the common multi-classification evaluation system is used to analyze the influence of the end-to-end training method on the results， and the comparison analysis with the relevant methods shows that the proposed algorithm is more effective and valuable for multi-intention recognition， and can be used to support the establishment of the correlation between non-cooperative targets and defense important places in the combat planning system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Anti-jamming Performance of Adaptive Frequency Selection Diversity in Troposcatter Communication Binsong SHEN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 65-72.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.007 Abstract （5743）   HTML （313）    PDF （2164KB）（378）       Knowledge map    Save In order to improve the evaluation accuracy of anti-jamming performance of frequency selection diversity in troposcatter communication， an analysis method of adaptive frequency selection diversity anti-jamming performance is proposed. Based on the anti-fading diversity reception demodulation algorithm， a frequency selection anti-jamming analysis model is established. Through simulation analysis， accurate anti-interference performance of frequency selection diversity is obtained， and quantized analysis results are obtained according to different interference characteristics. The simulation results show that the adaptive frequency selection diversity anti-jamming analysis method is superior to the existing troposcatter communication anti-jamming analysis method， convenient and effective， and significantly improves the accuracy of anti-jamming performance evaluation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Winning Mechanism and Countermeasure Mode of Anti-submarine Warfare Zhuo BAI, Bangchu ZHANG, Weiyu ZHU, Pengkun YANG, Yiyong LIANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 36-47.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.005 Abstract （5568）   HTML （359）    PDF （3404KB）（1242）       Knowledge map    Save In response to the existing issues of unclear command relationships， ambiguous information flow， and limited means of disposal in anti-submarine warfare， this study proposes mechanisms and modes for achieving victory in anti-submarine operations. It approaches the problem from three perspectives： the physical domain， the information domain， and the intelligent domain. Based on the dynamic and evolving OODA（observation，orientation，decision，action） operational loop theory， combined with an analysis of the current status and trends in anti-submarine equipment and operational styles， a concept design for manned-unmanned cooperative anti-submarine warfare is presented. Additionally， key technological requirements for intelligent domain anti-submarine warfare are summarized， aiming to provide insights for the future development of low-cost and efficient anti-submarine operations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Operational Action Identification Method from Knowledge Association Perspective Wendong ZHAO, Mingzhi ZHANG, Shengming GUO Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 64-72.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.008 Abstract （5537）   HTML （282）    PDF （868KB）（583）       Knowledge map    Save The situation data in complex battlefield environment presents large-scale and fragmented features， the knowledge graph technology is applied to situation awareness to recognize operations from the perspective of integrity and relevance. The knowledge graph of operational action is constructed. The situation data such as operational action types， operational forces and attributes are organized in the form of graph to realize the correlation of operational knowledge. An operational action recognition model based on knowledge is designed. The model can fully utilize the attribute information and association information in the graph to enrich the vector representation of entities. By measuring the authenticity of triples， the operational action types and the relationships between combat forces can be recognized. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively recognize operations and help the commander to analyze the battlefield situation in depth. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analytical Modeling of Radial Electromagnetic Force of IPMSM Considering Asymmetric Saturation Xuelei ZHANG, Shu WANG, Zhengyu LIU, Chenghao KOU, Zuxu GUO Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 45-57.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.005 Abstract （5275）   HTML （333）    PDF （5287KB）（425）       Knowledge map    Save Due to the magnetic saturation characteristic of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor （IPMSM）， there is no effective method to analyze the radial electromagnetic force on the stator of PMSM. It is also disadvantageous to suppress the electromagnetic vibration and noise of the motor in the early stage of design and development. An analytical calculation model of electromagnetic force is presented to solve the problem of rotor unsymmetrical magnetic saturation of IPMSMs. By combining the winding function method with the equivalent magnetic circuit method， the magnetic dynamic potential of the motor considering the electromagnetic saturation is derived. The equivalent air gap permeability of the motor is calculated by using Carter factor. The air gap magnetic field model is established by the method of magnetic potential multiply permeability， and the analytical model of the radial electromagnetic force of the motor is finally established by the Maxwell stress equation. Finally， the accuracy of the model is verified by finite element method. The model can reflect the relationship between the electromagnetic force and the structure parameters of the motor， and is helpful to improve the structure of the motor quickly in the design stage to suppress the electromagnetic vibration and noise. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Improved Filtering Algorithm for Filtering Divergence in Integrated Navigation Yuhao LI, Yu CHEN, Yuhang LIU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 58-64.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.006 Abstract （5275）   HTML （324）    PDF （891KB）（372）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the problems of Kalman filter dispersion and inability to accurately track the error changes in the vehicle combination navigation system， an improved adaptive filtering algorithm is designed. By analyzing the judging condition of filter divergence in principle， combining Sage-Husa filtering with multiple fading filtering algorithm， the fading factor is introduced in the filtering process. The filtering state and updating strategy are switched by the divergence condition， so that the state of filter returns to normal in time when divergence occurs. The improved algorithm is subjected to Jetlink inertial guidance/odometer combination navigation simulation tests and track of vehicle experiment. Simulation and experimental results are presented that the divergence of filter can be suppressed， and in the meanwhile， the adaptability and stability of the filter are enhanced to a certain extent. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Method of Missile Stability Control Based on Improved PID-LQR Algorithm Rixin SU, Ou ZHANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 73-79.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.009 Abstract （5089）   HTML （256）    PDF （983KB）（357）       Knowledge map    Save Missile stability control system is one of the crucial technologies to promote missile guidance performances， and has always been a research hotspot and focus. Taking the longitudinal plane of a missile as an example， a state-space model of the missile stability control is established. The linear quadratic regulator （LQR） control algorithm is derived， and an improved PID（proportional integral derivative）-LQR approach for missile stability control is proposed based on the traditional LQR method and PID algorithm. The control performances of the proposed method are compared with traditional LQR method， improved LQR method， and fuzzy PIQ-LQR method through simulation analysis. The established missile model parameters are subjected to conduct bias tests. The simulation results show that the proposed method is superior to the other three methods and has good control performances and robustness. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Key Technology and Application of Soldier Radio Waveform Chao YUN, Yanxiu ZHANG, Zhiqiang TAN, Panpan JIANG, Yiming QIAN, Yinghao DAN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 73-88.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.008 Abstract （5009）   HTML （260）    PDF （3358KB）（345）       Knowledge map    Save The research related to the U.S. army soldier radio waveform （SRW） is analysed. An overview of the SRW waveform is given， focusing on the technical regime of the waveform， and a detailed analysis of the protocol stack and the network architecture is presented. The SRW is designed hierarchically from the physical layer， link layer and network layer and the application in relevant radio station （AN/PRC-152 radio station， AN/PRC-154 radio station， AN/PRC-155 radio station） is discussed in depth. Through the analysis and research of SRW waveform and related radio application discussion， it can provide relevant research results and reference basis for the new type of soldier self-organized network waveform design， and promote the development of new system of soldier self-grouping network radio development by leaps and bounds. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Navigational Warfare Capacity System Construction and Development Proposals Chao YUN, Zhiqiang TAN, Jianyong CUI, Panpan JIANG, Teng ZHENG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 26-35.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.004 Abstract （4886）   HTML （368）    PDF （986KB）（523）       Knowledge map    Save As the role of satellite navigation systems in war continues to improve， it faces an increasingly complex battlefield electromagnetic environment， in order to ensure accurate and efficient transmission of timing and positioning information， and seize the information advantage， the military powers in the world continue to research and develop navigation war-related technology and its equipment， and its successful application to the construction of a new type of satellite navigation system and navigation jamming equipment， to improve the battlefield survivability of satellite navigation systems and the battlefield denial capability of navigation jamming equipment. The navigational warfare related overview and status role are introduced， the capacity status and development trend of navigational war are analyzed in detail， and the suggestions for the development of navigation warfare are given， the relevant research achievements can provide reference for the navigation development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Testing of Multi Rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Noise Source Tracking and Positioning System Jingyu HE, Jizheng LIU, Zhichen YANG, Dongdong WANG, Ping OU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 1-8.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.001 Abstract （4864）   HTML （2826）    PDF （3666KB）（3357）       Knowledge map    Save Multi-rotor drones are increasingly becoming a threat to critical facilities while bringing convenience. This article focuses on the difficulty of tracking and detecting low slow small unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs）， and develops a UAV tracking， detection， recognition， and positioning system based on microphone array sound source localization. The system acquires UAV noise signals in real time， and then uses a wavelet transform-based beamforming time-frequency sound source localization algorithm for UAV noise source localization， and finally integrates the position of the multi-rotor UAV obtained by inversion of the microphone array and the image captured by the video. Tests conducted in a fully anechoic room have shown that the positioning system can accurately track the lateral flight and up-and-down flight of drones， accurately detect the position of drones even in blind spots of cameras， and effectively compensate for video detection. And the positioning accuracy of the system is 92.2%， which is better than that of similar systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Interception Capability of Electronic and Firepower Integrated Multilayer Air Defense System Based on Queuing Theory Qiang GUO, Jinghua WANG, Wei WEI, Tao WANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 20-25.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.003 Abstract （4855）   HTML （407）    PDF （580KB）（524）       Knowledge map    Save In view of the problem of electronic and firepower integrated multilayer air defense forces interception capability evaluation， regarding the ground-to-air radar jamming system， medium-range air defense missile， short-range air defense missile and antiaircraft weapon as multilayer multi-channel system composed of 4 layers of defense， the interception capability evaluation model of electronic and firepower integrated multi-layer and multi-channel air defense system based on finite waiting queuing system and loss queuing system is established. The example analysis shows that the method can provide a scientific assessment method to the effectiveness of electronic and firepower integrated multilayer air defense system and it can provide reference and basis for optimizing the deployment plan of air defense forces. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Time/Frequency-Domain Index Mapping of Air-Defense Missile Rolling Channel Control Shuaihao YAN, Mingying WEI, Yongbin ZHENG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 33-44.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.004 Abstract （4715）   HTML （329）    PDF （2478KB）（386）       Knowledge map    Save In the design of air-defense missile control system， how to quickly and efficiently design the control system to meet the given index has always been a hot issue. In this paper， the control structure is designed from the mathematical point of view. Taking the design of the rolling channel control system as an example， the mapping relationship between the time-domain index， the frequency-domain index and the control parameters， and the mapping relationship between the time-domain index and the frequency-domain index are established by using the analytical method， the root locus method and the amplitude-phase characteristic Bode diagram method. The mapping relationship can give consideration to both time-domain and frequency-domain indexes to design control parameters more quickly and efficiently， and can also obtain the rule of index changes when control parameters change. Finally， the correlation among system time constant， rise time， cut-off frequency and closed loop bandwidth is established analytically. Through this correlation， a clearer physical understanding of the system can be established， which is helpful to guide how to take measures when the system oscillates or diverges in engineering design. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Optimization Algorithms for UAV Routes Wenbiao HE, Yongjiang HU, Wenguang LI Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 24-32.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.003 Abstract （4677）   HTML （388）    PDF （827KB）（525）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing mission complexity and environmental uncertainty of UAV， the requirements for route planning also increase， and the complexity of the route planning problem gradually increases from single UAV route planning to multi-UAV planning， and from single mission to multi-mission. To find a solution to the UAV route planning problem， a comprehensive analysis from aspects of concept， connotation， task modeling and algorithm analysis is presented. To solve the problems of existing route planning algorithms， such as， poor optimal path effect， slow convergence speed and tendency of falling into local optimization， applications and problems of UAV route planning with A* algorithm， particle swarm algorithm， genetic algorithm as well as ant colony algorithm are analyzed， and directions of algorithm optimizations and improvements are proposed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Research on Multiple Attribute Decision-Making Methods in Target Threat Assessment Xuegeng ZHU, Jialu LIU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 89-100.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.009 Abstract （4657）   HTML （231）    PDF （558KB）（298）       Knowledge map    Save Target threat assessment provides data support for command decision-making， and multi-attribute decision-making method is an effective means of target threat assessment. Combined with the characteristics of multi-attribute decision-making methods， the research status of multi-attribute decision-making method in battlefield target threat assessment is systematically summarized from four aspects， which are threat assessment index selection， threat assessment index description， threat assessment index weight determination and target threat ranking method. The problems in each aspect are analyzed， and the future application of multi-attribute decision-making method in battlefield target threat assessment is discussed， so as to provide reference for subsequent research on battlefield target threat assessment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical Simulation of Tilting Wing and Rotor UAV During Transition Flight Zonghui WANG, Yunjun YANG, Hongrui ZHAO, Jiaxiang ZHAO Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 9-19.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.002 Abstract （4534）   HTML （428）    PDF （3657KB）（546）       Knowledge map    Save Compared with traditional configuration tiltrotor aircraft， tilting wing and rotor UAV can significantly reduce the aerodynamic interference of rotor wake on wings in hover， and increase flight efficiency. Regarding the continuous tilting transition process of the UAV with complex unsteady aerodynamic characteristics， the delayed detached eddy simulation （DDES） method， improved from the classical detached eddy simulation （DES） method， is used to simulate aerodynamic interference. During the tilting transition process， the aircraft's forward flight speed， rotor pitch angle， fuselage and fixed wing angle of attack， and nacelle inclination angle all dynamically change over time. By comparing with the traditional configuration， the aerodynamic performance changes and flow field mechanisms during the tilting transition process are analyzed. The simulation calculation results show that the UAV in the initial state of tilting is less affected by the rotor downwash. During the tilting process before the 30° nacelle inclination angle， due to the increased resistance of the tilting wing segment， the required thrust of the rotor are increased. The separation vortices generate during the tilting process of the tilting wing section collide with the downwash wake of the rotor， resulting in a larger wake interference area at the wing tip position and a downwash effect on the inner fixed wing tip， reducing the overall lift of the aircraft. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Air Target Operational Intention Recognition Research Chenhao ZHANG, Yan ZHOU, Yichao CAI, Jiaqi GUO Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.001 Abstract （4462）   HTML （3365）    PDF （762KB）（3226）       Knowledge map    Save With the continuous evolution of war forms and the upgrading of weapons and equipment， the air battlefield situation is becoming more and more complex. Quickly and accurately identifying the combat intention of the target is an important content of battlefield situation assessment， which can provide auxiliary information for commanders to make decisions and help them to seize the initiative in the war. This paper firstly introduces the basic concepts and related models of target intention recognition， defines the concepts of target intention and intention recognition， and determines the status and importance of target intention recognition from two aspects of the operational command decision-making process and information fusion process. Secondly， target features and intention space， as input attributes and recognition framework for intention recognition respectively， are the basis of intention recognition and are reviewed. Then， five common target intention recognition methods such as rule and template matching， evidence theory， Bayesian network， traditional machine learning and neural network are reviewed. The basic mechanism and recognition process of each recognition method are introduced， and its advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Finally， the performance of five kinds of target combat intention recognition methods is compared and analyzed， and the future research direction is prospected. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review on Complex Battlefield Electromagnetic Environment Yanyan MA, Qiang LIN, Chuang NIU, Duanyang SHI, Lei CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 16-23.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.002 Abstract （3994）   HTML （415）    PDF （830KB）（509）       Knowledge map    Save The complex battlefield electromagnetic environment is an important element of the modern battlefield. It is important to master its connotation and characteristics to improve battlefield perception， weapon effectiveness， and survivability. The complex battlefield electromagnetic environment research has great application value for weapon capability. The basic concepts and research status of complex battlefield electromagnetic environment is summarized. The study of complex battlefield electromagnetic environment is summarized as electromagnetic environment description， monitoring， measurement and construction， and weapon adapt-ability test in two aspects of cognitive research and application research， and these five contents are discussed respectively. Finally， the future research direction and trend of complex battlefield electromagnetic environment are prospected Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Architecture Design Method for Intelligent Air and Space Defense Combat System of Systems Xiaobo LI, Mengyi WANG, Yongyi LIAO, Zhijie HUANG, Tao WANG, Weiping WANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (2): 1-12.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.02.001 Abstract （1319）   HTML （1364）    PDF （2546KB）（1848）       Knowledge map    Save Driven by the increasing intelligence of potential threats and the continuous progress of current intelligent technology， the air and space defense combat system of systems （SoS） is not a linear superposition and mechanical stacking of equipment and technology but a comprehensive intelligent agent that organically integrates， dynamically adapts， and continuously evolves various combat elements. On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of intelligent air and space defense combat SoS， this paper innovated the intelligent design paradigm and concept， proposed a SoS architecture design method based on intelligent agent networks， and explored the key technologies of intelligent empowerment architecture design from three aspects： force nodes， force relationships， and adaptive mechanisms. This method provides an intelligent method reference for the top-level design of air and space defense forces， which helps to improve the intelligence and networking level of the construction and application of air and space defense combat SoS. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamics Research for a Vertical Soft Launched Missile with Four Rocket Pulse Engines Xiaofeng SUN, Yi LI, Yida GUO Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (2): 22-32.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.02.003 Abstract （1316）   HTML （81）    PDF （1992KB）（246）       Knowledge map    Save There is a big difference between the turning control technology for four rocket pulse engines and other turning control technologies for vertical soft launched missiles. In view of this problem， the turning segment line motion equation， the attitude motion equation， and the turning information equation of the missile were established in this paper. The turning time sequence was designed， and a turning control strategy was designed by introducing the prediction model and the corresponding criterion. Based on the strategy， the parameter matching research was carried out. Finally， a large range of adjustment of the missile axis was realized by a simple device. A simulation example was given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed parameter matching relationship and the turning control strategy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics