Modern Defense Technology

Development and Capabilities Analysis of US Ground-Based Midcourse Defense Interceptor

Yuyan TANG, Zhongwen WANG, Jingru ZOU, Fei ZHAO

2025, 53(6): 1-11. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.001

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The development of ground-based midcourse defense interceptor with its exo-atmospheric kill vehicle and booster is researched systematically. The flight test of ground-based interceptor and the development plan of next-generation interceptor are described. The population parameters and boost engine parameters of ground-based interceptor are anti-designed based on its public information. The shoot table and spatiotemporal characteristics and intercept airspace of two-level and three-level ground-based interceptor are simulated.

Construction of UAV Defense System of Urban Low-Altitude Airspace

Chuan LI, Yan HAO, Xinxing FENG, Na MA, Changzheng MA, Da LIU, Shixue YANG

2025, 53(6): 12-20. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.002

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Unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） has played an increasingly important role in recent military conflicts due to its low cost and high flexibility. This attracts wide attention from countries around the world. The number of “black flights” of UAVs in China is increasing year by year， which directly reflects the challenges of the prevention and control of low-altitude airspace UAVs. The construction of urban low-altitude airspace anti-UAV is worthy of further research. As for the urban low-altitude airspace anti-UAV problem， the possible UAV threats were analyzed. The urban anti-UAV scenarios were classified， and the challenges and problems of the urban anti-UAV were explored. Additionally， five solutions to the urban anti-UAV system were proposed. In conclusion， for the construction of the urban anti-UAV system， the positive design oriented to the target and scenarios should be conducted， and special attention should be paid to the UAV target and environment characteristics， the anti-UAV point position design， the integration of the command and control system design with user operations， and the standardization of system integration. This can provide a reference for the urban anti-UAV system design.

Combat Effectiveness Evaluation of Air Defense Early Warning Equipment System Based on Improved AHP

Yu YAO, Qiang LIN, Haida YANG, Wensi HE, Yang ZHANG

2025, 53(6): 21-29. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.003

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A group decision-making method based on improved analytic hierarchy process （AHP） was proposed to address the problems of traditional AHP， such as judgment matrices failing consistency checks， long evaluation cycles， and high subjectivity of single expert evaluations. This method approximated the original judgment matrix by constructing a geometric averaging supertransitive matrix. The geometric averaging supertransitive matrix， obtained by geometrically averaging multiple extended matrices constructed from the original judgment matrix， compensated for the lack of good consistency in the original judgment matrix. This method retained expert opinions while passing the AHP consistency checks. At the same time， introducing the consistency ratio into group decision-making to determine the authority of experts maximizes the authenticity of index weights. On the basis of the principles of scientificity， independence， feasibility， and comprehensiveness， a combat effectiveness index system for air defense early warning equipment was constructed. Through the example analysis of the equipment deployment plan using the constructed index system， it was demonstrated that the method was feasible， reasonable， and effective.

Influence and Simulation of Barrel Rotation of Anti-aircraft Rocket Launcher

Yuwen LIU

2025, 53(6): 30-36. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.004

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The multi-tube anti-aircraft rocket launcher possesses all the advantages of traditional rocket launchers， especially exhibiting an irreplaceable advantage against new-type low， slow， and small aerial targets compared to other air defense weapons. In terms of target tracking and shooting， the continuous rotation of the barrel brings many new and urgent problems to be solved. Based on the analysis of the effect of barrel rotation on the structural design and overload of the weapon system， initial disturbance， ballistic stability， as well as its influence on the ballistic and shooting elements， this paper focused on simulating and calculating the changes in initial velocity and ballistic elements caused by different barrel positions and rotational speeds. The magnitude and pattern of initial velocity and ballistic deviations under different conditions were obtained， and the correction of the differential method and deviation method， as well as their accuracy and applicable conditions， were presented. Additionally， regarding the determination of shooting elements under the condition of barrel rotation， corresponding treatment methods and suggestions were given. This study provides theoretical and practical guidance for further optimization of the weapon system design， modeling of the fire control system， and shooting command methods.

Application and Enlightenment of UAV in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

Junbiao ZHANG, Jing WU, Fei ZHAO, Li FANG

2025, 53(6): 37-45. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.005

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The Russia-Ukraine conflict has witnessed new application styles of unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） such as “order strike”， “space-based star chain interconnection”， and “low-cost large-scale application”， which create classic cases of “the smaller defeats the bigger”. The conflict provides a “testing ground” for the systematic application of UAVs in modern warfare. Based on the open source intelligence information， this paper systematically combs the UAV equipment of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Based on typical UAV combat cases， this paper analyzes the new characteristics and styles of UAV operation application in the process of situational awareness， battlefield communication， command and control， and strike confrontation. From the perspective of equipment construction， this paper proposes countermeasures and suggestions for high-cost-effectiveness-ratio defense of UAVs.

Deployment Optimization Method for High Power Microwave Anti-drone Swarm

Yu QIN, Hua CHAI, Fuyunxiang YANG, Zhen BAI

2025, 53(6): 46-59. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.006

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Using drone swarms as a cost-effective combat method poses a serious threat to aerial security. Due to their fast targeting and area coverage characteristics， high power microwave （HPM） weapons hold a unique advantage in countering drone swarms， however this area has not been thoroughly researched. This paper focuses on the study of vehicle-mounted HPM anti-drone swarm scenarios. A problem model is constructed， including models for the motion state of the drone swarm， threat assessment， and the operational range of HPM weapons. An optimization problem for HPM position deployment is established with the degree of damage to our facilities and weapon operational efficiency as the optimization objectives. A combined algorithm based on genetic algorithms and dynamic programming is proposed for computational solution. Numerical simulation calculations demonstrate that the combination algorithm proposed in this paper significantly outperforms the original directed energy weapon deployment optimization algorithm in terms of computational efficiency. This provides a more efficient technical approach for future anti-UAV swarm operations.

Aerodynamic Design of Conventional Small Multi-wing Aircraft

Yaoyao LI, Ping DONG, Chaohu XU

2025, 53(6): 60-68. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.007

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At present， the research on the correlation between dynamic aerodynamic and ballistic characteristics of small multi-wing aircraft is still limited. In this paper， the aerodynamic flow and ballistic characteristics of aircraft are comprehensively analyzed， and optimization design is conducted. Further， the design method of small aircraft with extended range is proposed. First， the function layout of aircraft is analyzed systematically， and the layout and composition of the aircraft subsystems are designed from the optimal view of the whole system. An aircraft model with blunt-headed warhead， multi-piece wing， and tail is proposed. Second， through the analysis of computational fluid dynamics and the influence of 4， 6， and 8 wings on the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft and the flow mechanism， the method of selecting appropriate wings according to the lift-to-drag ratio requirements in different tasks is proposed. Finally， a three-loop pilot is designed according to the proportional navigation guidance law， and a range maximization optimization method using cubic B-spline functions is proposed. The dynamic characteristics of rigid body trajectory are simulated and designed. The aircraft can maintain flight stability under the condition of multiple sets of wings， and the effectiveness of extending the range of multi-wing configuration is validated. Thus， the present research can provide effective methodological references and theoretical basis for the aerodynamic ballistic collaborative design of small multi-wing aircraft.

A Review of Development of Intelligent Penetration Technology for Missile Cluster

Yaoluo HUI, Bo XU, Xiumin LI, Luyao ZANG, Liu LIU

2025, 53(6): 69-81. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.008

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To cope with the highly dynamic and uncertain complex combat faced by air-sea integration warfare in the future and counter the increasingly sophisticated anti-missile defense system， an application approach of intelligent penetration technology for missile clusters was proposed. An application framework of intelligent penetration technology for missile clusters was constructed. Then， the key applications of the technology were demonstrated from four aspects： collaborative task planning of ground， collaborative situational awareness， intelligent decision-making， and collaborative penetration and combat. The intelligent penetration methods of missile clusters based on expert systems， neural networks， and group intelligence were reviewed. This study showed that the group intelligence method based on the coordinated driving of knowledge and data had unique advantages in the development of intelligent penetration technology for missile clusters.

Aiming Error Estimation Method Using Interactive Multiple Model with Equality Constraint

Yang LIU, Renjie WANG, Guiqing YANG

2025, 53(6): 82-90. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.009

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To address the significant deviations between actual and theoretical aiming error values of the radar radome， which are difficult to compensate for precisely using ground data， this paper proposed a multi-model filtering algorithm. Considering the distribution differences of aiming error due to line-of-sight angle dispersion of the seeker body， the paper analyzed the characteristics of low-speed ground motion targets and employed an interactive multi-model approach combined with the measurement-augmented unscented Kalman filter algorithm to improve the accuracy of aiming error estimation. During the terminal guidance phase， the line-of-sight angle of the seeker body gradually decreased. This method processed large-angle data to identify target motion and then small-angle data to estimate aiming error in real time. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm is an effective approach for estimating aiming error under equality constraints， significantly improving estimation accuracy compared to traditional methods.

Sliding Mode Terminal Guidance Law for Accelerating Missiles to Intercept Large Maneuvering Targets

Tianyu CHEN, Xiangxia TAN

2025, 53(6): 91-100. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.010

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For the problem of intercepting a high-speed large maneuvering target with an accelerating missile， it is assumed that the missile has constant axial acceleration and adjusts its acceleration direction by controlling the attack angle. Assuming that the target exhibits a constant lateral maneuver， this paper proposes an accurate time-to-go estimation method. The sliding mode surface is designed so that the missile first corrects the initial heading error and then flies in a straight line to the target. A non-homogeneous disturbance observer is introduced to quickly estimate the acceleration of the target. A super-twisting algorithm is applied to implement the guidance law. The finite-time stability of the proposed guidance law is proved. Through the simulation comparison with the guidance to collision law， it is verified that the proposed guidance law improves the capture area of the missile. It can intercept the target whose maneuvering ability is close to that of the missile when the initial heading error is small.

An Improved ARA^*-Based Path Planning Algorithm for UAV

Xuejian FENG, Yifei LI, Yiqi TONG, Yanjin ZHANG

2025, 53(6): 101-110. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.011

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To address the limitations of traditional unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） path planning algorithms， which often exhibit low efficiency and low success rate of path planning due to inadequate consideration of environmental threats such as terrain elevation， radar detection， and anti-aircraft fire in adversarial scenarios， this paper proposes an improved ARA*-based path planning algorithm for UAVs. The algorithm achieves the integrated calculation of threat factors such as terrain elevation， radar detection， and anti-aircraft fire through the variable weight theory， generates a global 3D gridded threat map， and conducts path planning with an improved ARA* algorithm on the threat map. It incorporates UAV flight performance in path planning constraints for realistic trajectory planning. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits excellent adaptability and effectiveness in complex adversarial scenarios， significantly reducing the threat level of planned paths while maintaining a high success rate compared to traditional algorithms. This approach offers a promising solution for enhancing UAV mission completion rates in high-threat environments.

Vessel Target Attack Planning Based on Improved Multi-objective Marine Predator Algorithm

Shuo LI, Tongle ZHOU, Mou CHEN

2025, 53(6): 111-121. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.012

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The attack planning of vessel targets is related to complex multi-objective optimization characterized by difficult convergence and numerous local optima. Traditional optimization algorithms struggle with slow convergence and are prone to getting stuck in local optima， making it challenging to find optimal solutions. This paper proposed a vessel target attack planning method based on a multi-objective marine predator algorithm with a hybrid update strategy. By improving the population initialization method， constructing an optimization phase division strategy based on motion state coefficients， and establishing a hybrid motion mode， this approach enhanced the exploration and exploitation capabilities in each optimization phase of the vessel target attack planning solution. This improved the global optimization performance， ultimately obtaining the optimal vessel target attack planning. Tests conducted in three different scenarios demonstrated that the proposed multi-objective marine predator algorithm with a hybrid update strategy offered superior optimization performance， enabling more accurate planning for vessel target attack.

Evolutionary Game Analysis of Network Defense Decision Based on Prospect Theory

Hang HU, Kai FENG, Yuchen ZHANG, Pengcheng LIU, Jinglei TAN

2025, 53(6): 122-133. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.013

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This study aims to address defense strategy selection in network attack-defense confrontations and adapt to incomplete rationality scenarios in network attack-defense better. Incorporating reward-punishment mechanisms and prospect theory， the study utilized an evolutionary game model to depict the network attack-defense game process. By solving the dynamic evolution equations， it investigated the evolutionary patterns of behavioral strategy selection among the attacker， defender， and regulator. It conducted a stability analysis of the decision-making behaviors of each game participant and explored the effect of defense costs， reward-punishment mechanisms， and value functions on the selection of behavioral strategies of each party. The results show that initial decision-making probabilities do not affect the overall evolutionary trend of the game system， and the evolutionary equilibrium points possess predictability and stability. Increasing defense investment can reduce the intensity and frequency of attacks， but increased costs may curb defense investment. Implementing reward-punishment mechanisms by the regulator can deter network attacks， but it may affect the defender’s enthusiasm for investing in defense strategies. After the introduction of a value function， the decision-making of both attackers and defenders is influenced by factors such as value perception and risk preference. This can expand the gap between perceived gains and losses and actual values， thereby changing the evolutionary path of the game system.

Improved UKF Universal Target Tracking Algorithm Based on GRU Prediction

Quanyin HUANG, Yichao CAI, Hao LI, Weihua WU, Chenyang WANG

2025, 53(6): 134-148. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.014

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To address the difficulties and poor universality of traditional algorithms for accurate modeling of high maneuvering targets， this paper proposes an improved unscented Kalman filter （UKF） universal target tracking algorithm based on gated recurrent unit （GRU） prediction. The self-attention mechanism is introduced into the traditional GRU model， so that the model can better mine the kinematic equation of the target from the historical observation data and solve the problem that it is difficult to accurately model the maneuvering target manually. The learned model is applied to the UKF algorithm to achieve target tracking. Simulation experiments show that compared with traditional GRU models and classical algorithms such as UKF and interacting multiple model （IMM）， the proposed algorithm has better tracking accuracy and adaptability.

Recognition of Radar Full Pulse Repeater Jamming Based on High-Order Spectrum Features

Yibing LIU, Liuting CHEN, Guoqiang HAN

2025, 53(6): 149-155. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.015

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Radar full pulse repeater jamming samples through a digital radio frequency memory device and repeats according to different time sequences. Due to the absence of other modulation features within a single pulse， which is highly similar to echo signals， the feature parameters extraction is difficult， and the differences are inconspicuous in comparison with other jamming recognition. This paper proposes recognition of radar full pulse repeater jamming based on high-order spectrum features， which can suppress Gaussian white noise， contain phase information， and process non-stationary signals. It can be used to extract feature parameters， construct feature vectors， and recognize through machine learning algorithms. Finally， the algorithm is verified through a combination of practical equipment and mathematical simulation. The simulation results show that when the signal-to-noise ratio is greater than 5 dB and 25 dB， the recognition accuracy is close to 80% and 95%， respectively， which verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm and has certain value in engineering application.

Development of W Band Ultra Radar in Space Object Detection

Lu HUANG, Yi ZHAO, Sheng JIN, Bin SUN, Yuming HUA

2025, 53(6): 156-161. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.016

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Development and construction W band ground-based long-range high-resolution imaging radar has great significance. It can satisfy the needs of carefully observation of space target morphological characteristics. Thus the ability of radar high resolution imaging of our country can be improved. The current situation is analyzed. The main technical indicators and technical features of W band radar are list. The frequency band character of W band is analyzed， which contains remote detection power， high resolution， high angle resolution and measurement accuracy， high relief of echo scattering property and so on. On this basis， the main plan points of our W band high-resolution imaging radar are proposed by referring to the technical feature of W band radar abroad. The points include broadband high power gyro traveling wave tube， beam waveguide antenna feeder， receiver， high speed data collector and memory， high reliability target acquisition and high resolution imaging technology and so on. Then the key technology and its domestic basis is analyzed related to the points above. In addition， the suggestion of primary research direction is proposed.

Evaluation of Guidance Capability of Warning Device for Acquisition and Tracking Device

Qipeng ZHANG, Jianwei YUAN, Yu YANG, Weiping GUO, Jie CHEN

2025, 53(6): 162-170. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.017

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In an electro-optical countermeasure system， an infrared warning device is generally used to implement target guidance for the acquisition and tracking device. To scientifically evaluate the guidance capability of the equipment， this study initially establishes the transformation models of the target’s azimuth and elevation in the infrared warning coordinate system and the acquisition and tracking coordinate system. The calculation model of guidance error is determined by utilizing the law of error propagation. The calculation methods for the coordinate transformation parameters necessary for guidance error calculation are provided. Secondly， warning， guiding， and tracking information at multiple positions are set and generated. Subsequently， this information is utilized to solve the calculation parameters of guidance error， and the guidance errors at different airspace positions are calculated. Finally， the accuracy of the calculation results is analyzed， and the guidance capability is evaluated. The simulation results indicate that this method can analyze the guidance error of the target airspace through information from multiple positions， and the difference between the simulated error and the original error is less than 0.1°. This approach offers a feasible means for comprehensively evaluating the guidance capability of the equipment in different airspace ranges.

Digital Twin Operational Experiment System Architecture of Joint Air and Missile Defense

Ke YANG, Gang WANG, Jing ZHOU, Guanyu CHE

2025, 53(6): 171-178. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.018

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Digital twins， are characterized by virtual-real integration and real-time interaction， provide new methods for operational experiments of air and missile defense. Digital twin operational experiment system architecture of joint air and missile defense is designed to address the application of digital twin technology in related experiments. This paper studies the concept of digital twins and analyzes the system architecture requirements of joint air and missile defense operational experiments. It elaborates on the three architectural design principles： data support， model-driven， and application-oriented， proposes a three-layer architecture design： data aggregation， dynamic modeling， and simulation application， and discusses three application modes： independent， interactive， and hybrid. The digital twin-empowered experiment process offers complete and highly realistic operational elements， real-time interaction between virtual and real， and efficient and credible evaluation， effectively supporting the systematic solution of related experimental problems.

Electromagnetic Environment Adaptation Test for Radar Countermeasure Equipment

Miaomiao TIAN, Jinxian PENG, Chao ZHAO, Dan GENG, Tuoyuan YI, Chunyong HAN

2025, 53(6): 179-186. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.019

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The electromagnetic environment adaptation test is an important reference for equipment operation application. In view of the requirements of the electromagnetic environment adaptation test and evaluation for radar countermeasure equipment， this paper untangles the test environment’s requirement based on the typical operation mission of the equipment， proposes the basic method for constructing the electromagnetic environment in the test， establishes the adaptation evaluation index system， and analyzes the effects of the electromagnetic environment on the signal intercept probability， reconnaissance range， and sorting and identification. In the calculation of the influence of the electromagnetic environment on the reconnaissance range of radar countermeasure equipment， the energy of jamming signals is considered as reconnaissance’s noise， and the distance formula in free space is used to derive the reconnaissance range formula under jamming， which is then verified by simulation. The results show that the significant decrease of reconnaissance range is associated with the alignment between reconnaissance antenna and interference source. Integrating the operation influence of the different complexity of electromagnetic environment with adaptation status， this paper proposes a method for electromagnetic environment adaptation evaluation and shows the feasibility of the method by an example.

Allocation of Battlefield Equipment Mobile Repair Tasks Based on Improved LF-MOPSO

Teng CAO, Lu GAO, Guangda YE, Liangliang YANG

2025, 53(6): 187-196. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.020

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Addressing the issues of strong subjectivity， poor dynamic adaptability， and lack of self-learning capabilities in traditional battlefield equipment mobile repair task allocation models. It analyzes the task allocation problem under scenarios involving multiple locations， multiple tasks， and multiple teams. A decision optimization objective function is established based on equipment combat effectiveness restoration levels and repair cost consumption. A battlefield equipment mobile repair task allocation decision model is then constructed with repair time as a hard constraint condition. To address the multi-dimensional decision-making problem， we propose a multi-objective particle swarm optimization （MOPSO） algorithm based on an improved Levy-flight （LF） model. This algorithm effectively avoids local convergence and reduces the dimensionality of the optimization problem， demonstrating unique advantages in terms of convergence， dynamic adaptability， diversity， and robustness in dynamic multi-objective scenarios. Experimental results show that this model can be used to solve the task allocation problem in emergency battlefield equipment repair operations， and that the solution algorithm is stable to a certain degree.

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