Modern Defense Technology

Research on the Dynamic Construction Strategy of Anti-UAV Awarm Kill Chain

Yong BAO, Shuai CHENG

2025, 53(4): 1-9. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.001

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The rapid development of drone swarm technology poses unprecedented challenges to modern air defence systems due to its decentralized and autonomous collaborative features. This paper analyzes the key technologies of drone swarms and， in response to their advantages in military applications， proposes an innovative strategy for countering drone swarms based on the dynamic construction of the kill chain. This study redefines the concept of the kill chain， emphasizing its importance in enhancing tactical flexibility， promoting the integration of technological innovation， and forming new combat concepts. The proposed strategy includes multi-domain perception， distributed command and control， resource optimization， and interception technology innovation. The aim is to improve the adaptability and response speed of defense systems against the threat of drone swarms. Combined with the land battlefield environment， this paper designs the implementation approaches for each strategy， providing a new perspective and theoretical support for future anti-drone swarm operations.

Sensor-Weapon-Target Assignment Method Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

Shixiang YAN, Haijun LIU

2025, 53(4): 10-17. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.002

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Reasonable selection of combat resources to form a sensor-weapon-target kill-chains plays an important role in air defense network operations. This paper studies sensor-weapon-target assignment （S-W-TA） under multiple constraints and multiple optimization indexes， and proposes an deep reinforcement learning based on allocation method. The mathematical model of S-W-TA problem is established， and the concept of kill chain advantage is used to integrate the traditional efficiency index. The deep Q network （DQN） training agent is used to solve the S-W-TA problem by deep reinforcement learning method for the first time. The simulation results show that the solution obtained by the deep reinforcement learning algorithm is superior to the rule-based allocation method widely used in engineering， and the reinforcement learning algorithm is more suitable for solving the S-W-TA problem with multiple constraints and multiple optimization indexes， and has certain engineering application value.

Research and Analysis on the Construction and Development of Air and Missile Defense Battle Kill Chains/Web

Jin ZHANG, Gang WANG, Xiangke GUO, Tengda LI, Xiangyu LIU, Runyu HUANG

2025, 53(4): 18-26. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.003

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The construction of an air and missile defense chain/web is an important element in promoting the gradual completion of the national integrated air and space defense system. The deepening application of artificial intelligence， military internet of things， big data and other emerging technologies in the field of air and missile defense significantly improves the early warning， detection， information processing and command and decision-making capabilities of the air and space defense system，， and also provides more possibilities for the construction and development of intelligent air and missile defense and kill web of“instantaneous response and dynamic reconfiguration”.This paper introduces the development， connotation and characteristics of the concept of air and missile defense web， building the system support structure and analyzing and summarizing the web's key technical capabilities. It also provides relevant guidance and analyzes the web's future development trends， which will inform subsequent research.

Research on Target Allocation and Path Planning Methods for Manned/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cooperative Ground Attack

Jiaheng TANG, Boyi XIAO, Chenbo DING, Hengzhi FAN, Maolong LÜ

2025, 53(4): 27-35. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.004

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This paper addresses the complexities of path planning in cooperative operations involving manned and unmanned aerial vehicles （MUAVs） and the limitations of traditional methods in dynamic environments. It presents an integrated approach that incorporates an enhanced DWA （dynamic window approach） and Dijkstra's algorithm. By optimizing the trajectory evaluation function， the method efficiently avoids dynamic obstacles， ensuring optimal path planning within mission time constraints for MUAV teams. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the effectiveness of path optimization in complex and dynamic battlefield environments. Moreover， it strengthens the generalization and robustness of path planning across various scenarios.

Intelligent Method Development of Strategic Intelligence Warning and Prediction

Xin LIU, Kan WANG, Lican DAI, Kaichen CAO, Lianggang WANG

2025, 53(4): 36-49. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.005

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This work discusses the connotations of related concepts and the evolution process in the field of strategic intelligence warning and prediction. In consideration of national and military conditions， a brand new definition of strategic intelligence warning and prediction is proposed. Specific to the requirements and characteristics， a basic process and intelligent methodology of strategic intelligence warning and prediction activity are proposed. This work summarizes the core ideas of different intelligent methods， introduces the main available technologies and models， which are useful in guiding and providing reference to strategic intelligence researchers in terms of tool selection and approaches formulation. Cognitive driven methods have distinct advantages in interpretability and interactivity， while data driven methods are suitable for large-scale processing. Toachieve optimal performance in strategic intelligence warning and prediction targets， the two methodologies should be used in combination. These intelligent methods need to be improved to solve the key problems of man-machine cognitive difference， multi-granularity knowledge fusing， hidden clue recognition and evidence confirming， to improve the comprehensive， accuracy and reliability.

Review of Disruptive Technologies Driven by “Mosaic Warfare”

Linli LI, Qiang XU, Liqiong CHEN, Hang ZHAO, Juan TANG

2025, 53(4): 50-63. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.006

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Aiming at a series of disruptive technology research and development projects carried out by the U.S. Army around the concept of Mosaic Warfare in recent years. A knowledge graph of Mosaic Warfare projects has been constructed to intuitively show their relationships， and a concrete analysis has been made from three aspects：technology transfer， year of implementation and technology application. The research results of some projects are deeply excavated and described， and research characteristics of Mosaic Warfare are summarized. The study reveals that U.S. military research on Mosaic Warfare technologies focuses on five key areas： architecture， command and control， communication networking， platforms and weapons， and basic technologies. There is a strong technological continuity between projects implemented in different years， that is， the research results of a project is often the technology accumulation of follow-up projects. In addition， the Mosaic Warfare technologies are highly oriented， and most of the projects clearly point to a certain service/department or multi-service application， which shows the U.S. military’s determination to achieve Mosaic Warfare.

Assessment of Vulnerability in Intelligent Weapon Systems Based on Cloud Model

Qingtian ZHAO, Liwei LI, Yu ZHANG, Xin CHEN, Lizhi HOU, Zhen LEI

2025, 53(4): 64-73. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.007

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The deep application of artificial intelligence （AI） technology in the military field means that scientifically assessing the vulnerabilities caused by defects in AI technology to intelligent weapon systems has become an important issue affecting the development of intelligent weapon systems. This study uses an in-depth analysis of the vulnerabilities of intelligent weapon systems to construct 14 vulnerability assessment indicators. The combination weighting method， which integrates the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） and entropy method， is used to calculate the indicator weights. The cloud model evaluation method transforms the ambiguity and randomness in the evaluation of qualitative indicators into quantifiable cloud characteristics. The assessment conclusions are drawn by observing and calculating the similarity between the comprehensive assessment cloud and each standard cloud. Taking the vulnerability assessment of a certain unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） system as a case study， the feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated， exploring new approaches for evaluating the vulnerability of intelligent weapon systems.

A Non-cooperative Orbit Target Positioning Method Based on Acceleration Compensation

Guanghan XIAO, Luming REN, Junhu LIU, Zeyan HU, Xiaojian KONG

2025, 53(4): 74-82. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.008

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For the positioning problem of non-cooperative space target， a bearing-only positioning method considering acceleration compensation is proposed. The bearing-only geometric positioning method for non-cooperative space target is introduced. An acceleration estimation method is proposed to complete the filter design considering acceleration compensation. An approach based on the measurement residual is developed for maneuver start and end detection. When the non-cooperative space target is considered to be maneuvering， the positioning error caused by unknown acceleration is reduced by acceleration compensation. The simulation results show that the maneuvering criterion proposed can effectively determine whether the target is maneuvering， and the method proposed in this paper can effectively improve the positioning accuracy during the maneuvering of the non-cooperative space target.

An Angle-Constrained Cooperative Guidance Law Based on a Novel Second-Order Consensus Protocol

Kaiyuan YANG, Chao MING, Xiaoming WANG

2025, 53(4): 83-92. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.009

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Research into the design of cooperative guidance law with terminal angle constraints has been carried out for the problem of cooperative interception of high-speed and large maneuvering targets by multiple missiles from different initial positions in a two-dimensional plane. Considering the influence of the second-order consensus protocol on the cooperative time and guidance time， a novel second-order consensus protocol is proposed. Based on this protocol， the cooperative guidance law on the line of sight （LOS） is designed；the angle constrained guidance law in the normal direction of the LOS is designed by using a non-singular terminal sliding mode control method to solve the intrinsic jitter problem of the traditional sliding mode control. The finite-time stability of the closed-loop system is demonstrated by Lyapunov theory. Simulation results show that the designed guidance law can ensure the missiles achieve cooperation and hit the target at the desired angle in finite time， and outperforms the traditional cooperative guidance law in terms of guidance performance.

A Review of Interference Location in Satellite Navigation Based on Passive Location Techniques

Jinglong GAO, Qiushi CHEN, Liang ZHANG, Chunlei PANG

2025, 53(4): 93-104. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.010

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Satellite navigation has undergone significant advancements in both military and civilian domains. Navigation warfare has emerged as a critical issue in contemporary localized military conflicts and great power rivalries. The urgent challenge lies in the rapid detection and localization of interference sources， providing actionable battlefield situational awareness for military command， enabling more adaptive decision-making processes， and ensuring the safety and reliability of navigational information. This paper introduces the concept of navigation warfare and provides an overview of passive positioning technology. It also analyzes commonly employed parameter estimation methods for passive positioning， compares observable， mathematical models， and positioning performance metrics associated with passive positioning techniques. Furthermore， it examines the current status and future trends in satellite navigation interference detection and location technologies.

A Real-Time Spatial Registration Algorithm for Airborne Networked Radar Without Prior Information

Xincheng LIU, Chenyu ZHU, Yubing HAN

2025, 53(4): 105-111. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.011

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This paper presents a novel spatial registration strategy for multiple motion radars with varying spatial attitudes， which does not require prior information such as radar position and attitude. The strategy involves key steps， including the real-time calculation of registration parameters and optimization of fusion tracks. The recursive least squares （RLS） is employed to establish spatial attitude relationships between radars by using target track data. A method for reverse adjustment of target trajectory-level spatial registration parameters based on fusion results is presented. The method models registration errors and optimizes them using gradient descent， resulting in reduced fusion trajectory errors， improved registration accuracy， and enhanced tracking quality. The proposed strategy provides a comprehensive and efficient solution for real-time registration of radar spatial attitudes. It has both theoretical and practical value.

Design Application of Frequency Diverse Array in Secondary Radar

Zhenmei KANG

2025, 53(4): 112-120. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.012

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To enhance the combat survival ability of secondary radar， the application of frequency diverse array in secondary radar is proposed， making use of the distance-angle-time coupling characteristics of frequency diverse array. The method of digital baseband composite frequency offset is used to reduce the implementation cost and complexity of FDA； optimize the beam sidelobe through differential logarithmic frequency offset to achieve the irradiation of dot-shaped beam at specific positions， improving the covertness and security of signal transmission； and propose the optimization design method of long dwell beam based on time-varying weighting to ensure the effective reception and recognition probability of secondary radar signals. The application research of FDA in identifying secondary radar lays the foundation for the development of new equipment and also provides reference for other system applications.

Study on Target Characteristics Analysis and Firing Test Application of Radar Stealth Target Drone

Daquan DU, Yang ZHAO, Ping HU

2025, 53(4): 121-128. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.013

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It is of great significance to analyze the influence of radar cross section（RCS） reduction of target drone on weapon system inspection for the practical application of radar stealth target drone and its stealth efficiency. The influence of radar scattering characteristics， fluctuation characteristics and angular glint of target on radar function is briefly described， and the internal relationship between stealth， self-motion characteristics and external dimensions of target and characteristics of target fluctuation and angular glint is combed and analyzed. According to the influence mechanism of stealth characteristics of drone on the process of weapon guided attack， the related target characteristics of stealth drone and the influencing factors of its effectiveness are analyzed. Focusing on the difference in stealth purposes between drone and combat aircraft， suggestions are given for the application of stealth drone target testing.

Reliability Assessment Method Based on Improved Unscented Kalman Filter

Jianyin ZHAO, Jingwei JIANG, Shuntao WEI

2025, 53(4): 129-139. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.014

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To solve the problems of limited data and insufficient data utilization during the service period of high-reliability equipment， a reliability assessment method based on an improved Sage-Husa adaptive unscented Kalman filter（UKF） is proposed. This method integrates the distribution parameters of the measured data reflecting performance degradation with predicted distribution parameters. A statistical model is established for performance degradation data， and a degradation failure model is constructed based on the optimal estimates of the distribution parameters. The least squares support vector machine （LS-SVM） is utilized to predict the distribution parameters， serving to characterize the data trend information. The predicted data is set as the state variable and the measured distribution parameters as observation variables. Based on the nonlinear Wiener process， the state and observation equations of the UKF model are established to obtain the optimal estimates of the distribution parameters. To reduce the impact of the measurement noise covariance matrix on the filtering accuracy， the improved Sage-Husa algorithm is introduced to optimize these matrices， enhancing the accuracy and stability of the optimal estimates. Exemplary results demonstrate that the proposed method increases the information content of the data available for reliability assessment. The reliability evaluation results obtained for the equipment are in good agreement with the actual engineering results， validating the rationality and effectiveness of the method.

Research on Digital Transformation of Aviation Equipment Maintenance Support Management

Junjie LI, Ning MA, Meng MENG

2025, 53(4): 140-147. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.015

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This article focuses on designing a digital system for managing the maintenance and support of aviation equipment. From the perspective of maintenance and support elements， operations， means， modes， and other maintenance and support data twin models， based on typical applications， data preprocessing， equipment strength analysis， status analysis， support resource status analysis， task matching， and other data perception and analysis models are constructed to explore precise equipment status judgment， comprehensive fault diagnosis， and life prediction management. The application of intelligent algorithms such as maintenance intelligent decision-making forms the overall technical architecture of the digital system for aviation equipment maintenance and support management， providing technical reference for digital maintenance and support.

Equipment Remaining Life Prediction for High Order Graph Convolution Neural Networks Joint Training

Kainuo CHEN, Fuguang ZHANG, Han ZHANG, Yantao YIN, Guangchuan DU

2025, 53(4): 148-159. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.016

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Aiming at the shortcomings of existing methods for predicting remaining life of small-sample high-reliability equipment， such as low accuracy and poor prediction generalization， a new assessment method is proposed. This method uses a jointly trained high-order neighborhood aggregation graph convolutional neural network and a bidirectional gated recurrent unit （GRU）. This method constructs an attribute graph from large public datasets combined with small sub-sample information， such as equipment’s key electrical potentials. The HoNA-GCN model integrates different orders of neighbor information to capture the high-order associative features between equipment samples. Life prediction is then carried out using the bidirectional GRU， with a pretraining-finetuning strategy employed to enhance the model's generalization capabilities. The precision of equipment residual life prediction has been improved， along with generalization across different scenarios. Simulations and ablation studies validate the necessity of each module of the method. Results indicate a significant enhancement in the accuracy and robustness of predictions compared to those of other classic methods. By effectively utilizing the correlation information between public datasets and small sub-sample data of equipment， a new solution is offered for the state assessment of complex equipment systems.

Generation and Model Conception of Aerospace Equipment Maintenance Support Chain

Zijian ZHANG, Yongfu ZHANG, Rui SUN, Wenwu ZHOU

2025, 53(4): 160-168. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.017

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The development of aerospace equipment and the expansion of military missions and missions have put forward higher requirements for accelerating the efficiency with which the equipment maintenance support chain operates. This article analyzes the concept of the maintenance support chain for aerospace equipment， elaborating on its characteristics and advantages based on practical needs. It focuses on future war development models at the forefront of technology， adopting logical reasoning and thinking methods such as platform element integration and business process update planning， building a model of aerospace equipment maintenance support chain. With the support of practical technology， and analyzes the feasibility of the implementation approach and difficulties， providing a model reference for top-level design research， front-end layout， practical implementation， and pilot operation of the aerospace force.

Study on Spray Atomization Combustion Performance of Liquid Rocket Engine

Jianyu CHEN, Xin LU, Xu WANG

2025, 53(4): 169-176. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.018

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In order to control the combustion field reasonably， it is necessary to analyze the atomization quality in the combustion chamber and the ignition delay period of the propellant during the efficient propulsion of the liquid rocket. The three-dimensional atomization combustion field model is using the ICEM module， and the atomization characteristics of centrifugal nozzle under different conditions are analyzed by DPM discrete phase model. The EDC combustion model is coupled to analyze the combustion development process and ignition delay characteristics of n-decane， n-octane and aviation kerosene. The results show that with the increase of nozzle pressure， the penetration distance of droplets increases while D32 decreases.. When the nozzle diameter increases from 1.2 mm to 1.8 mm， the axial velocity of the droplet decreases and the atomization angle increases. With the increase of back pressure， the collision and aggregation effect between droplets is obviously enhanced， and the aerodynamic effect is weakened， resulting in the increase of D₃₂. The length of ignition delay period in the combustion field is positively correlated with the ambient temperature and back pressure.

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