Modern Defense Technology

Development Review of Aerial Target in China and Abroad

Han LI, Guoxu FENG, Jie HUANG, Juyi LONG

2025, 53(5): 1-10. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.001

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The target is the touchstone for testing weapons and equipment at present. In view of the current situation of the target and the development direction of the target in the future， firstly， according to the rapidly developing weapon systems in the world at present， the development history and current situation of the target in the United States， Russia， Europe， Israel， and other countries were compared and analyzed. Secondly， the targets were classified. According to the achievements of foreign target manufacturers， the design concept of several typical targets and the key role in training were analyzed in depth. This paper discussed the development direction of future targets recognized by the world at present， summarized them into five parts： stealth， versatility， cluster flight， high performance， and intelligence， and put forward development suggestions for key technological breakthroughs at present.

Optimization Method for Cost Reduction in Design and Development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Hongxin LI, Xiaojia ZHAO, Zhenxin HONG, Lifeng GAN, Guoxu FENG

2025, 53(5): 11-20. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.002

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Evaluating and controlling the development costs during the unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） conceptual design phase can improve the cost-effectiveness ratio of UAVs. This study established a multidisciplinary design and optimization （MDO） framework aimed at minimizing UAV development costs. It carried out the design trade-off of UAVs under the constraints of aerodynamic performance and mass properties， obtaining the UAV solutions and cost suggestions that take into account development cost. The optimization framework was based on the OpenMDAO multi-disciplinary analysis and optimization process. It used OpenVSP to establish the geometric and aerodynamic analysis modules for the UAV and employed the partial least squares method to construct the cost estimation model. This enabled the seamless integration of the design strategies from the overall parameter design of the UAV to the multi-disciplinary analysis and the optimization of the development cost. By optimizing the typical low-cost high-performance UAVs， the results show that when the lift-to-drag ratio is reduced by 6.53%， the maximum take-off mass decreases by 8.17%， and the development costs are reduced by 4.01%. The results demonstrate that during the conceptual design stage， through the optimization of the overall parameters of the UAV， it is possible to meet the aerodynamic and weight constraints while ensuring low development costs. The feasibility of the constructed MDO framework based on development costs has been verified， and it has provided effective suggestions for the design of a UAV with low development costs.

Study on Application of Laser Weapons in Terminal Air Defense

Daoren YUAN, Quanwei XIE, Duan WANG

2025, 53(5): 21-28. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.003

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In view of the characteristics and development trends of threat targets faced by terminal air defense， this paper analyzed the necessity of terminal air defense and the current situation and development trends of air defense equipment， and sorted out the construction and development needs of terminal air defense. In combination with the advantages and characteristics of laser weapons and the typical needs of terminal air defense， combat application schemes of laser weapons were proposed. This study provides theoretical support for the construction and development of the terminal air defense system.

Study on Coordination Strategy of Air-to-Ground Firepower in Air Defense Operations Supported by Data Link

Yuan CAO, Zeyang CAO, Junqing LI, Peng GAO, Lele LIU

2025, 53(5): 29-38. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.004

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Air-to-ground firepower coordination is an important form of air-to-ground cooperation in air defense operations. Scientific and efficient design of coordination strategies， such as coordination styles， coordination rules， and process control， can effectively improve the effectiveness of air-to-ground firepower coordination. This paper， based on the coordination degree and coordination complexity of firepower coordination between air-to-ground cooperative weapon platforms， proposed three firepower coordination styles： tactical level， tracking level， and guidance level， and presented typical cooperative action modes under each type. Based on this， three basic coordination rules， including firepower use by domain， flexible firepower control， and firepower safety evasion， as well as specific criteria， were proposed. The coordination control process and detailed steps between the coordinating entities and coordinated objects were designed， and an evaluation index system for air-to-ground firepower coordination was constructed. The research results have high application value for the design of air-to-ground cooperation architectures and the construction of firepower coordination models.

Review of Development of Electromagnetic Pulse Weapons in Foreign Armies

Yanan LI, Kai WANG, Dejun LIU, Zhiliang TAN

2025, 53(5): 39-48. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.005

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As new concept weapons， electromagnetic pulse weapons are characterized by fast attack speed， wide coverage range， high effectiveness-cost ratio， and flexible combat use. They have been the weapon equipment that countries have been committed to researching. This article analyzed the current research status of electromagnetic pulse attack technology and reviewed the current research work on electromagnetic pulse weapons carried out by foreign armies from the perspectives of electromagnetic attack and battlefield defense. It also provided prospects on the research focus and development trends of electromagnetic pulse weapons.

Research on the Modeling of Operational Concepts Based on Object-Process Methodology

Qi HAN, Weimin LI, Gangjun Yang, Ning LI, Pengsong GUO, Junwei XIE, Yongping XIN

2025, 53(5): 49-60. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.006

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The modeling of operational concepts is to describe the operation concept completely， accurately and clearly， using language， symbols， tables， graphs and so on to abstract and simplify the description of the imagined real war system. When the commonly used conceptual modeling language methods are adopted in modeling large system-of-systems operations such as air and space defense， complexities and messiness can be present. Object-process methodology （OPM） is advantageous as it has a unified view and combines object orientation and process orientation. A brief introduction is given to the operational concepts of system of systems for all-domain air & space defense. To address the difficulties of traditional methods in operational concepts modeling， OPM and DoDAF are adopted that allows for concise and clear expressions of operational concepts and analysis of their relationships and operational processes. It’s conducive to the correct establishment of the simulation model for the next step.

Application Strategies of Cyber-electronic Countermeasure Forces in Anti-drone Swarm Operations

Bolun LI, Yongjie ZOU, Jian SUN, Enze GUO, Guobin LIU, Tianrun XIE

2025, 53(5): 61-69. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.007

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Recent world wars and local conflicts have shown that drone swarm operations bring unprecedented threats to position-based air defense， which is profoundly changing modern information warfare and will become an important component in the future battlefield. In view of the unprecedented threats brought by drone swarm operations to the core position air defense， this paper analyzed the typical styles and weaknesses of drone swarm operations. On this basis， with the cyber-electronic countermeasure forces as the starting point， the typical scenarios for anti-drone swarm operations and the composition of the cyber-electronic countermeasure forces were presented. According to the “detectable， disruptive， and defendable” overall strategy， the operational processes and typical application methods of cyber-electronic countermeasure forces in anti-drone swarm operations were analyzed. The research results can provide theoretical guidance and technical support for position air defense against anti-drone swarm operations.

Combat Effectiveness Evaluation of Air & Space Defense Kill Chain Based on Order

Longfei JIANG, Jianbing ZHAO

2025, 53(5): 70-79. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.008

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To adapt to the changes in generation mode and evaluation means of combat effectiveness of information-based and intelligent air & space defense systems， this paper analyzed the operational mechanism of air & space defense kill chain based on order by a combination of military theory and technical practice. On this basis， evaluation methods for the combat effectiveness of two kill chains based on positive and negative feedback mechanisms of system theory and complex network analysis of the combat cloud were studied. This aims to quantify the combat effectiveness of order-based kill chains in future air & space defense operations and describe the complex correlation and dynamic coupling mechanism among operational elements in different operational areas within the system in air & space defense operations， thereby providing data support and theoretical reference for improving the overall combat effectiveness of air & space defense systems. The feasibility and effectiveness of two evaluation methods for combat effectiveness were verified by taking a typical air & space defense kill chain as an example.

Dynamic Characteristics of Telescopic Canister Gas Ejection System

Honglin LI, Yi JIANG, Song YAN, Jingnan TANG

2025, 53(5): 80-91. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.009

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To reduce the ejection load and improve the launch accuracy of rockets， a telescopic canister gas ejection system was proposed. The dynamic characteristics of this ejection system were studied based on theoretical analysis and numerical calculation. The maximum relative error between the simulated and theoretical velocities of the rocket exiting the canister was -0.98%， and the accuracy of the finite element model of the ejection system was verified. Based on the finite element model， the depressurization effects of the ejection system and the effects of launch angle， thrust misalignment， and wind load on the rocket’s motion attitude and the inner canister’s vibrational response were investigated. The results show that compared to the single canister ejection system， the average and maximum depressurization effects of the ejection system are about 30.3% and 35.1%， respectively. Larger launch angle， thrust misalignment， and wind load indicate worse motion attitude of the rocket and vibrational response of the inner canister. The launch angle is the main factor affecting the launch accuracy of the rocket， and the maximum effect of the launch angle on the launch accuracy is 2.3 to 4.4 times that of the other two factors. The research can provide references for the design and optimization of telescopic canister gas ejection systems.

UAV Swarm Threat Assessment Method Based on Improved PROMETHEE

Nan LIU

2025, 53(5): 92-98. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.010

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To address the shortcomings of existing threat assessment methods for UAV swarms， this paper proposed an unmanned aerial vehicle UAV swarm threat assessment method based on an improved preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluations PROMETHEE. First， a threat assessment index system for UAV swarms was constructed， and membership functions were established for quantification. Then， to overcome the limitations of the traditional PROMETHEE method， a new preference function was designed to improve the PROMETHEE approach， thereby establishing a UAV swarm threat assessment model based on the improved PROMETHEE. Finally， simulation experiments were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Research on Transonic Aerodynamic Characteristics of Blade Missile with Kinetic Energy

Guoliang MA, Meng ZHANG, Guiyuan HAN, Yunbo SHEN, Bing YUAN

2025, 53(5): 99-110. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.011

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Blade missile， characterized by a small killing range and low damage effect， is suitable for special operation missions. In consideration of the effects of spin and flow velocity on the aerodynamic force of blade missiles in both deployed and retracted states， the variation of aerodynamic parameters during transonic flight was investigated. The sliding grid technique was applied to divide the flow field into a stationary region and a rotating region surrounding the missile. The ICEM CFD preprocessing software was applied to generate seven million grids by a multi-block splicing method， with a turbulence model and boundary conditions set. A simulation model of the blade missile was established， and the grid convergence and time step independence were verified. The aerodynamic characteristics of the blade missile during deployment and retraction were investigated， and the pressure distribution law of the external flow field at different positions of the missile was calculated under different Mach numbers and spin speeds. The calculation results show that the aerodynamic parameters increase first and then decrease with velocity， and they reach a maximum value at a Mach number of around 1.2， which has certain guiding significance for the development of blade missiles.

Research on Multi-missile Cooperative Detection and Interception Coverage Methods for High-speed and Highly Maneuverable Targets

Xianhai FENG, Jiong LI, Changxin LUO, Chijun ZHOU, Jinxu YUAN

2025, 53(5): 111-126. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.012

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The threat of high-speed and strong maneuvering targets is increasing day by day. In order to effectively deal with the air-to-space attack of high-speed and strong maneuvering targets， this paper focuses on the technology of multi-missile cooperative detection and interception coverage. The cooperative coverage method of multi-interceptor missiles in mid-terminal guidance shift and terminal guidance phase is systematically analyzed from the aspects of coverage mechanism， coverage model， cooperative algorithm and so on. This paper studies six key issues： “field of view occlusion”， “anti-collision”， “game strategy”， “spatial configuration”， “multi-objective optimization” and “swarm intelligence algorithm”， and expands the research idea of multi-missile cooperative interception. it provides a reference for high-speed and strong maneuvering target interception technology.

Improved Angular Velocity Compensation Method for Strapdown Seeker Beam Stability

Wenzu ZHU, Yi QUAN, Binxian YANG, Shishun WEI

2025, 53(5): 127-135. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.013

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The strapdown seeker beam stability of phased array radar seekers can be easily affected by the rate gyro and wave control system. To address this problem， this paper proposed an improved angular velocity compensation method for strapdown seeker beam stability. The strategies and principles of the stabilization loop were studied， and an engineering-oriented algorithm derivation was provided. A mathematical platform for strapdown seeker beam stability of phased array radar seekers was constructed to improve performance. Through mathematical simulation， it was verified that this method can effectively eliminate the impact of rate gyro measurement deviation， dynamic lag， transmission delay， as well as execution deviation and transmission delay of the wave control system， thereby effectively improving the performance of strapdown beam stability. The method is also easy to implement in engineering applications.

Multi-UAV Path Planning Based on Reinforcement Learning

Zhenhan WEI, Hui TANG, Yu YANG, Zhihong LIAO, Qihui LAI, Chen LU

2025, 53(5): 136-144. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.014

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To deal with multi-unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） path planning， a mathematical model was developed for UAVs and threat zones to simulate scenarios close to real-world conditions. Based on this， a dynamic scene trajectory planning algorithm based on multi-agent reinforcement learning （DSTP-MARL） was designed for intelligent path planning of multiple UAVs. This algorithm ensures that UAVs reach target destinations safely by avoiding threat zones and helps optimize mission routes. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm， DSTP-MARL was compared with the deep Q-Network （DQN）. Experimental results show that， whether in simple or complex threat environments， DSTP-MARL demonstrates superior obstacle avoidance and mission completion capabilities. In terms of convergence speed and process stability， DSTP-MARL exhibits significant advantages over DQN， converging faster and more stably， thus enhancing mission efficiency. These results indicate a higher practical value and broader application potential of DSTP-MARL.

Space Target Attitude Estimation Method Based on RCS Sequence

Guoyong TU, Shi CHEN

2025, 53(5): 145-151. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.015

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The radar cross section （RCS） changes rapidly with the variation of attitude angle during missile flight. Based on the relationship between the two， this paper proposed a missile target attitude angle inversion method using the particle swarm optimization （PSO） algorithm. The method estimated the target attitude angle by minimizing the mean square error between the observed RCS data and the RCS data derived from attitude angle inversion. Theoretical analysis shows that， under the premise that the target attitude angle does not change abruptly within a short time， the proposed method achieves a more accurate estimation of the target attitude angle. A series of simulation experiments was performed， and the results show that the proposed method can effectively invert the attitude angle sequence of the missile target.

A Dual-mode Moving Target Discrimination Method Based on SAR Imaging and Homing

Yangyiyao ZHANG, Bin TANG, Ziwei YANG

2025, 53(5): 152-160. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.016

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Synthetic aperture radar （SAR） imaging can accurately locate the static target， but for moving targets， the geometric position is offset due to the Doppler frequency. This paper， by exploiting this characteristic of SAR imaging for moving targets and combining it with homing measurement and positioning results， derived a moving target discrimination method in principle by comparing the two measurement results. The method provides airborne and missile-borne target recognition systems with short observation time and compact configuration to discriminate whether a target is moving by transmitting only a single LFM waveform and lays the foundation for countering passive deception jamming， such as corner reflectors and chaff. In this paper， the SAR imaging model for radar observation of sea surface targets was established， and the mechanism of SAR imaging was analyzed. Then， the differences in target position measurements between radar homing mode and SAR imaging mode were described， and a method for recognizing moving targets based on these differences was deduced. Simulation results show that the proposed method exhibits good detection performance under the condition of a limited number of image frames.

Research on Error Estimation Algorithm of Distributed Radar with Open-loop Architecture

Saibo YUAN, Yi ZHAO, Dan LIU, Chengzeng CHEN, Chuanming LI

2025, 53(5): 161-168. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.017

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Distributed radar， as a new type of radar， is characterized by strong maneuverability and high signal-to-noise ratio gain. Its radar architecture can be divided into open-loop architecture and closed-loop architecture. The former has become a hot research topic in recent years due to its higher applicability and potential. The difficulty in implementing distributed radar with open-loop architecture lies in the decoherence of unit radar signals caused by error factors such as time and phase synchronization errors and baseline calibration errors. Due to the sparsity of aperture in distributed radar， it is difficult to effectively correct errors in an open-loop architecture. In response to the above issues， this paper analyzed the error factors in open-loop architecture and established corresponding error models. To achieve more efficient estimation of errors， an error estimation method based on an article swarm algorithm was proposed. The correctness of the method was verified by simulation experiments， and the corresponding relationship between synthesis efficiency and calibrated signal-to-noise ratio was obtained. This study provides a reference for the engineering implementation of distributed radar with an open-loop architecture.

Experimental Design of Simulation for Strong Electromagnetic Pulse Protection at Receiving End of Wireless Communication Systems

Deyi TIAN, Wanghui ZHENG

2025, 53(5): 169-181. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.018

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Aiming at the problem that wireless communication systems are easy to be damaged under the influence of strong electromagnetic pulses， this paper took the suction cup antenna and its receiving circuit as an example and studied the coupling effect of strong electromagnetic pulses and the protection design at the receiving end of the wireless communication system. The suction cup antenna model was established using CST software， and its coupling voltage was simulated， and then the coupling voltage was imported into ADS software to test the coupling voltage of each port of the receiving circuit. According to the time-frequency domain waveform of the coupling voltage， a three-level protection circuit composed of a surge protection device， a PIN limiting circuit， and a filter circuit was designed. After simulation verification， for a 6 000 V antenna coupling voltage， the output voltage after the protection circuit was only about 1.2 V， with insertion loss less than 3dB， and the protection effect reached up to 73 dB， which is far higher than the common protection efficiency. The designed scheme provides effective protection against a strong electromagnetic pulse.

Design and Implementation of Launch Control Data Processing Equipment Based on Dual-host Redundancy

Shuai ZHANG, Xiaowen HAN, Xiang JI, Zhenyu ZANG, Zhe LI, Xiaolan QUAN, Zhenyu HE

2025, 53(5): 182-196. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.019

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To design intelligent equipment with a highly reliable mission to the utmost extent， the modular data construction approach under the guidance of the redundant hot backup concept was adopted， and a highly reliable launch control data processing equipment in a fully localized state was designed. The function modules were constructed through embedded software and hardware co-programming to ensure that the dual host could satisfy the requirements of external redundant communication in various bus forms. In the implementation of the internal control logic， the fault monitoring logic and information interaction process were integrated into the launch control software， and a triple heartbeat detection mechanism based on remote identification together with a task-based data synchronization method were adopted to realize the active/standby switchover， ensuring the stability and reliability of the switchover process to the greatest extent. To further explore the parameter characteristics and functional features of the launch control data processing equipment， copy verification， fault simulation and reliability modeling were performed to calculate the reliability index of the equipment. The test results indicate that the highly reliable launch control data processing equipment based on dual-host redundancy can achieve fault monitoring and real-time sharing of core data between the primary and secondary hosts， and guarantee the continued execution of launch tasks after a single host failure. The task reliability is improved by 23.6% compared to a single host.

Stationary Finite-time Formation Control of UAVs Under Bearing Constraints

Qing CHEN, Chun ZHOU, Xinjun LIU, Ruijun LUO

2025, 53(5): 197-205. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.020

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To handle stationary formation control of unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） within a finite time under bearing constraints， a method for stationary finite-time formation control of UAVs based on bearing information was proposed. Relying solely on relative bearing information， this method aims to ensure that UAVs achieve the target formation within the predefined finite time. Compared to existing control methods， the proposed strategy introduced a time-varying scaling gain mechanism that allows users to customize convergence time and ensures the continuity of control input derivatives. This study also presented sufficient conditions for ensuring near-global convergence and preventing collisions between UAVs. By incorporating a leader-follower control structure， the method achieved global convergence and employed a gradient descent approach to ensure the UAVs complete the formation task within a finite time. To validate the effectiveness of the control method， simulation experiments were conducted on Simulink and Gazebo platforms. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy.

Wave Parameter Inversion Method Based on Triangular Array Radar

Ping HUANG, Wangjie CHEN, Weiqiang ZHU, Shusheng PENG

2025, 53(5): 206-214. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.021

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In this study， an improved periodic graph method was proposed for wave power spectrum analysis， optimizing the computational process of spectrum estimation and enhancing the inversion speed of parameters such as wave height and wave period. An algorithm for estimating wave direction was investigated. The surface slope was derived from the heights of three points on the wave surface measured by the radar array， and the wave direction information was determined through the interrelationship between the slope and the heave motion of the water surface， simplifying the computational approach for wave direction inversion. Experimental results of comparison with buoy data demonstrate that the correlation of wave parameters obtained by the inversion method presented in this paper and the Datawell Mk III wave buoy reaches 98.4%， suiting real-world applications.

Fault Prediction Technology for UAVs Sensor Based on Random Forest Improved by Pigeon-Inspired Optimization

Yuanyuan LIU, Rong YUAN, Shuyi SHAO, Mou CHEN

2025, 53(5): 215-226. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.022

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The prediction of UAV sensor faults is of great significance for improving system reliability and safety. However， current prediction methods suffer from insufficient accuracy and high computational complexity. To address this issue， this study proposed a random forest fault prediction algorithm based on improved pigeon-inspired optimization （PIO）. The wavelet packet transform （WPT） was employed to extract fault features， and the Levy flight mechanism was introduced to form a mutation mechanism to enhance population diversity， thereby alleviating the problem of PIO easily falling into local optima and enhancing both the convergence speed and global optimization ability of the algorithm. The improved PIO was then applied to the random forest algorithm to achieve autonomous hyperparameter optimization， enabling early prediction of sensor faults. Simulation results show that the random forest algorithm optimized by the improved PIO converged faster and achieved an accuracy improvement of more than 20% compared with traditional algorithms， indicating the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method in UAV sensor fault prediction.

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