Table of Content

28 August 2026, Volume 54 Issue 4

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Expert Manuscript REVIEW ARTICLE PAPERS

Expert Manuscript

Development and Performance Analysis of U.S. Long Range Discrimination Radar

Yuyan TANG, Yan CHEN, Ludan ZHANG

2026, 54(4):  1-11.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.001

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This paper systematically tracked and studied the development of the U.S. long range discrimination radar （LRDR） and expounded on its mission， research and development process， radar system configuration， and derivative development. Based on multi-source open information， after mutual verification and elimination of false information， this paper determined the basic parameters such as the antenna array size， as well as the number and spacing of T/R modules. On this basis， it analyzed the main performance including the operating frequency range， beam scanning coverage， maximum instantaneous bandwidth， detection range， beam width， measurement accuracy， and multi-target capability. This contributes to an in-depth understanding of its capability profile and its role in the U.S. homeland ballistic missile defense operations.

REVIEW ARTICLE

Development and Prospects of BeiDou Resilient PNT Technology in Complex Scenarios

Ke SU, Guoqiang JIAO, Ying XU, Yuze YANG

2026, 54(4):  12-25.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.002

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The inherent vulnerabilities of satellite navigation systems in complex scenarios pose severe challenges to the reliability of positioning， navigation， and timing （PNT） services， making resilient PNT technology the primary objective of current satellite navigation service architecture development. Based on resilient PNT theory， this paper proposed the concept of resilient navigation countermeasure and constructed a resilient navigation countermeasure framework. It analyzed the limitations of space-based PNT systems from three dimensions： navigation interference， flex power， and ionospheric disturbance， summarized existing anti-jamming resilient PNT technologies， and designed a resilient optimization strategy for space-based correction parameters during flex power operation to enhance user PNT service performance； it also proposed a resilient refinement method for the integrated space-ground ionospheric model to improve the reliability of ionospheric modeling in complex scenarios. By dynamically adjusting functional models and stochastic models， resilient PNT technology strengthens the adaptive capability of BeiDou PNT services in complex environments， providing theoretical support and technical pathways for high availability， high security， and high continuity of BeiDou navigation services.

PAPERS

Deployment Optimization of Anti-LSS-UAV Systems in Key Low-Altitude Areas

Wenjie ZHANG, Chengfei FAN, Jiawang TAN, Ao YANG

2026, 54(4):  26-37.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.003

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A genetic algorithm-based deployment optimization model was proposed for anti-low-slow-small unmanned aerial vehicle （anti-LSS-UAV） systems in key low-altitude areas. It focused on key low-altitude areas and integrated UAV trajectory and force requirement models. An objective function was constructed by comprehensively considering factors such as environmental score， enemy attack probability distribution， and target detection/engagement success probability. Through comparative analysis with the compressed factor particle swarm optimization-genetic hybrid algorithm and the compressed factor particle swarm optimization algorithm， the genetic algorithm achieved a higher probability of reaching the global optimal deployment scheme within 50 iterations under the same environment， a lower average deviation， and thus higher reliability. To improve the reliability， the 100-iteration genetic algorithm was adopted as the algorithm for the deployment optimization model.

Research on Requirements for Agile Generation of Air Defense Confrontation Kill Chain

Xuan LIU, Qiang FU, Chengli FAN, Daiming CHEN

2026, 54(4):  38-49.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.004

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Strike modes of powerful enemies’ air attacks present characteristics such as systematization， stealth， long-range capability， clustering， and unmanned operations， resulting in a significantly compressed response time for air defense confrontation and difficulty in rapidly closing kill chains. The key to air defense confrontation operations is accurately perceiving battlefield situations， dynamically forming combat formations， and flexibly utilizing cross-domain resources to agilely construct kill chains to strike enemy air attack forces. Based on an analysis of the connotation of the agile generation of air defense confrontation kill chains， this paper explored problems faced by the rapid closure of kill chains in typical air defense scenarios under a high real-time response warfare environment from two core processes： situational awareness and task allocation. This paper proposed requirements in three aspects： constructing a cross-domain kill web， implementing order-based strikes， and empowering each link of kill chains with intelligence， providing ideas for the real-time construction of kill chains for air defense game confrontation in the future.

Study on Effectiveness Evaluation Method for Kill Chain Closure Under Evidential Reasoning Framework

You LI, Jiaxuan YANG, Zhijun JI

2026, 54(4):  50-59.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.005

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To address the issues that traditional evaluation methods struggle to effectively handle complex and inconsistent indicators， as well as uncertain multi-source information in kill chain evaluation， this paper proposed an evaluation method based on the evidential reasoning framework， integrating three-dimensional capability indicators of time， space， and kill probability. By constructing a bidirectional Sigmoid space closure model to quantify the non-uniform strike effectiveness， an evidential reasoning algorithm optimized by Gaussian matching degree was designed， and a heuristic strategy was introduced to improve the stability of rule fusion. A case study demonstrates that this method can effectively analyze the influence relationship between capability indicators and comprehensive effectiveness， output the “success， failure， and uncertainty” evaluation results with confidence grading， and provide a quantifiable tool for kill chain effectiveness evaluation in battlefield command decision-making.

Method of Multi-channel Decision Pointer Network for Weapon-Target Assignment

Lei PENG, Mengxin CHI, Yinghui ZHANG, Guangming DAI, Maocai WANG

2026, 54(4):  60-69.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.006

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To address the timeliness requirements of large-scale weapon-target assignment， this paper proposed a solution model based on a multi-channel decision pointer network. First， a representation method based on weapon partition was designed to statically process dynamic feature dimensions， resolving the problem of varying feature dimensions. Second， a multi-channel decision model was constructed， utilizing context vectors and feature update mechanisms to enhance information interaction between channels and improve global solution capability. Simulation experiments demonstrate that this model significantly reduces solution time while maintaining accuracy， exhibits good generalization across problems of varying scales， and can effectively meet the timeliness and precision requirements for solving large-scale weapon-target assignment problems.

Study on Influence of Flight Conditions on Coupling Interference Flow Field of Attitude and Divert Jets

Shuai SU, Ning Cao, Baoxue LIU, Peng PENG, Mingran DONG

2026, 54(4):  70-80.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.007

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The reaction control system is less affected by the aerodynamic environment， can stably provide a large overload in a large airspace， and significantly improves maneuverability， making it an effective way to improve the maneuvering performance of aircraft. For the advanced interceptor technology （AIT）-like cone-column-skirt shape， this paper studied the flow characteristics of the coupling interference of attitude and divert jets under typical flight conditions using the numerical simulation method of computational fluid dynamics and analyzed the variation laws of the characteristic parameters of the coupling interference flow field of attitude and divert jets （bow shock height， separation distance， length of low-pressure area， and separation circumferential angle） with flight altitude， Mach number， and angle of attack. The results indicate that the variations of the characteristic parameters of the coupling interference flow field of attitude and divert jets with flight conditions are different， and the variation with flight altitude is particularly obvious； under the condition of the same flight altitude， the variation laws of the characteristic parameters of the divert jet flow field with Mach number and angle of attack are similar； influenced by the divert jet， the variation laws of the characteristic parameters of the attitude jet flow field with flight conditions are more complex.

A Study on a Rapid Satellite Ephemeris Binding Device and Its Implementation Strategy

Shuai ZHANG, Aibing SUN, Zhenyu HE, Xiaowen HAN, Ang GAO, Chentong XIE, Duan HU, Zhenyu ZANG, Songtao CAI, Xiaolan QUAN, Lingfei HONG

2026, 54(4):  81-87.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.008

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Satellite ephemeris information is a key parameter for rapid positioning of aircraft after takeoff， and the number of loaded ephemerides and the loading strategy of the ground control system play a crucial role in flight position calculation. To ensure that the aircraft completes the ground debugging work to the maximum extent and simultaneously achieve rapid positioning of the airborne receiver， this paper adopted a modular decoupling design method and developed a ground satellite loading strategy meeting the requirements of rapid positioning. While ensuring the output of auxiliary positioning information， it also met the function of high-precision timing and positioning on the ground. This paper emphatically introduced the satellite ephemeris calculation method based on Newton iteration and the multi-dimensional ephemeris loading strategy in the full sky domain， which met the high-precision positioning requirements of receiving equipment and simultaneously provided a guarantee for rapid positioning of lower-level products. The test results indicate that the rapid convergence algorithm of navigation message based on Newton iteration ensures rapid convergence of ephemeris data within a limited time； the multi-dimensional satellite calculation strategy in the full sky domain steadily promotes the improvement of receiver positioning performance； the receiver can steadily improve satellite calculation speed and accuracy by preloading a certain amount of high-quality satellite information， meeting rapid positioning requirements of equipment under positioning systems at different time periods.

A Design of a Mobile Multi-system Satellite Communication Simulation System

Wenjie XIE, Jun ZHAO, Boyu LIN, Yali ZHAO, Qichao TANG

2026, 54(4):  88-94.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.009

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To address the needs of routine satellite communication support and adversarial training， a design scheme of a satellite communication simulation system was proposed， taking a small tethered multi-rotor drone as the carrying platform and vehicle-mounted multi-system satellite communication equipment as the main body. The drone adopted a coaxial dual-rotor stacked configuration on the upper and lower layers and only carried partial modules of the simulated satellite transponder onboard， which solved the problems of insufficient payload capacity and energy supply of small drones and provided the conditions to simultaneously simulate two in-orbit satellites. By using the software-defined radio technology， intermediate-frequency digital processing universal boards and functional modules were utilized to customize multi-waveform and multi-system vehicle-mounted simulated terminals and transponder equipment， which could simulate multi-target satellite communication links. A satellite link calculation model was established. The analysis results indicate that the system margin is sufficient to construct long-range communication links and short-range adversarial links， and the system supports the hybrid networking and link establishment between in-service equipment and simulated equipment. It provides references for the construction of similar electronic warfare training target systems.

Analysis and Design of High-Power Combiner in VLF/VHF Band

Yi LI, Qichao TANG, Yinghao ZHANG, Xia WANG

2026, 54(4):  95-102.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.010

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To address the difficulty in combining low-frequency ultra-wideband power signals in a complex electromagnetic environment， this paper analyzed the causes of broadband resonance in the transmission line transformer during the application of broadband high-power combining and pointed out methods to improve low-frequency response， suppress in-band resonance， and enhance power capacity； it improved the broadband performance characteristics of the transmission line transformer model and developed a combiner covering 9 kHz~100 MHz with a loss of less than 0.6 dB and a power capacity of greater than 5 kW using the even-odd mode analysis method. This model and design method can guide the design of broadband high-power combiners in the VLF/VHF band and has a positive promoting effect on the development of low-frequency ultra-wideband high-power amplifiers and the research on high-permeability and low-loss magnetic materials.

Study on Structural Optimization Design of Critical Load-Bearing Screws for Airborne External Store Locking Mechanism

Wanyuan LIU, Xiangqiu LIU

2026, 54(4):  103-111.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.011

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The load-bearing screw connects the airborne external shell and the locking mechanism casing， which are two non-directly contacting components， through the connecting beam components. It is the critical load-bearing component of the locking mechanism and is subjected to a large combined bending and shear load during operation. In view of the fracture fault of the load-bearing screw in the locking mechanism during the missile-carrying flight of a certain type of aircraft， a physical and chemical analysis of the fracture of the load-bearing screw was first conducted， determining that the failure mechanism was fatigue damage. Then， to address the design defects of the load-bearing screw in the initial state， two structural optimization schemes of a relief groove state and a plain shank state were proposed from the design perspective. Fatigue life simulation analysis and experimental verification were conducted on the load-bearing screw before and after optimization. The distribution trend of the calculated values was consistent with that of the test values， and the fatigue life of the optimized load-bearing screw greatly increased from 308 cycles to 3 800 cycles. Compared with the relief groove state， although the fatigue life of the plain shank state was improved， the improvement was limited. Considering the time cost and economic cost of the design improvement， the relief groove state was selected as the final improvement scheme. Through internal and external field test verification， the improvement measures were proved effective， and the same fault did not occur again.

Anti-mainlobe Jamming Algorithm for AEW Aircraft via Toeplitz Reconstruction

Jing ZHANG, Bo WANG

2026, 54(4):  112-122.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.012

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This paper studied the anti-active mainlobe jamming technology for airborne early warning aircraft based on a frequency diverse array （FDA）. Airborne early warning aircraft serve as a key airborne command and control platform in modern warfare， and their radar system must possess strong anti-jamming capability in complex electromagnetic environments. As an efficient means of jamming， active mainlobe jamming poses a severe threat to the radar of the airborne early warning aircraft. To address this challenge， this paper proposed a new method combining a cross subarray-based FDA with sinusoidally increasing frequency offset （CSB sin-FDA） and an adaptive beamforming algorithm. First， the FDA model and its three received signal processing mechanisms were analyzed in detail. On this basis， the CSB sin-FDA array was adopted to replace the traditional uniform linear frequency diverse array， which achieved point-like spatial beam pointing and enhanced the accuracy of beam control. To solve the problem of large covariance matrix estimation errors in low snapshot scenarios， a covariance matrix estimation algorithm based on Toeplitz matrix reconstruction was proposed， which effectively reduced the computational complexity and improved the jamming suppression effect. Simulation results indicate that under the conditions of snapshot number K = 100 and signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB， the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio of the proposed algorithm increases by about 40%； the mainlobe jamming suppression depth reaches -35 dB， and the computational complexity is reduced by 30% compared with the traditional algorithm. Moreover， it maintains stable mainlobe pointing characteristics under different signal-to-noise ratios （10~30 dB）.

Intra-pulse Modulation Recognition and Parameter Estimation Based on STFT

Heng ZHANG, Zhengda XIONG, Yabo XU, Tao YU

2026, 54(4):  123-129.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.013

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When radar reconnaissance and jamming equipment are faced with complex electromagnetic environments and multifunctional phased array radars， especially the low probability of intercept （LPI） radar， traditional five-parameter analysis appears inadequate. For LPI radar signals， the research on intra-pulse modulation recognition and parameter estimation methods has become a hot topic in the field of radar countermeasures. Based on the short-time Fourier transform （STFT） for the optimization of intra-pulse modulation recognition and parameter estimation， the three-spectral-line method was used to reduce frequency measurement errors； the signal amplitude was corrected through window function filtering to improve the amplitude noise resistance performance of the instantaneous autocorrelation method； a 64-point sliding average was calculated to improve the accuracy of time-frequency estimation. The simulation results indicate that under the condition of a signal-to-noise ratio greater than or equal to 12 dB， the signal recognition rate is better than 95%， and the parameter estimation error is better than 5%.

A Radar Detection Method for Low-Altitude Cluster Targets Based on Multi-feature Fusion

Hao HUANG, Ning ZHANG, Zhigang WANG

2026, 54(4):  130-140.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.014

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In view of the problem of cluster target detection in low-altitude maritime environments， this paper proposed a multi-feature fusion detection network based on gated cross-attention and bidirectional feature pyramid （GCAB-MFF Detector） to address the challenges brought by complex sea conditions， non-Gaussian clutter interference， and the nonlinear characteristics of radar echoes. The network extracted features in the target range dimension and the range-Doppler dimension respectively through a dual-channel architecture and utilized the gated cross-attention module （GCAF） to model cross-modal feature correlations； furthermore， it introduced the bidirectional feature pyramid （BiFPN） to achieve efficient integration of multi-level features through weighted multi-scale fusion and semantic consistency optimization and ultimately output the target existence detection and cluster scale classification results simultaneously. Experimental results indicate that on the self-built dataset， the detection rate of the GCAB-MFF detector reaches 99.92%， and the scale classification accuracy is 92.56%. These results are significantly improved compared to the traditional CFAR method （detection rate < 89%） and traditional classification networks （classification accuracy < 86%）， which verifies its robustness and practicality in low-altitude maritime scenarios.

DOA Estimation Based on Multi-scale Attention-Enhanced Deep Residual Network

Jinxuan ZHANG, Huaxing KUANG, Ben WANG, Pengfei LENG

2026, 54(4):  141-150.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.015

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DOA estimation is the core task in array signal processing. Traditional methods perform well under high signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） and ideal conditions but exhibit significant performance degradation and reliance on prior information in non-ideal scenarios such as low SNR and limited snapshot counts. To address these issues， this paper directly utilized the in-phase （I） and quadrature （Q） component matrices of raw echo signals as inputs and proposed an end-to-end method based on multi-scale attention enhancement. The network combined double attention residual blocks and a global attention mechanism， dynamically calibrated channel and spatial weights， and enhanced the focus capability on critical features. Simulation results indicate that under the extreme conditions of an SNR as low as -5 dB and a snapshot count of only 10， the root mean square error （RMSE） and angle estimation error range of the proposed method are significantly lower than those of traditional algorithms （MUSIC， ESPRIT， MVDR， and DNN）， which verifies its robustness and high precision advantages in complex scenarios.

Sea-Surface Targets Detection Method Based on Improved Residual Neural Network

Haida YANG, Qiang LIN, Yu YAO, Lijuan WANG

2026, 54(4):  151-158.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.016

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To address the problem of small target detection in sea clutter environments， a target detection method with a controllable false alarm rate based on Fourier synchrosqueezing transform （FSST） and an improved residual neural network （ResNet） was proposed. First， the radar echo signal was converted into a time-frequency diagram by FSST to improve the frequency concentration of the short-time Fourier transform （STFT）. Then， a ResNet enhanced by a similarity-based attention module （SimAM） was used to perform feature extraction and output classification probabilities. Finally， a threshold was set according to the sea clutter training samples to achieve a controllable false alarm rate. The effectiveness of the proposed method was validated on the public measured dataset of intelligent pixel processing radar （IPIX）. The results indicate that the proposed method has high accuracy， and the research results can provide a reference for radar target detection in complex sea clutter environments.

Algorithm for Maneuvering Target Tracking Based on Robust Cubature Kalman Filter

Zhiying ZHANG, Yufei WEI

2026, 54(4):  159-169.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.017

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To address the issues of severe deviation of filtering results from true states caused by heavy-tailed noise and time-delay errors brought by detection information transmission during target tracking of high-speed maneuvering aircraft， this paper proposed an algorithm for maneuvering target tracking based on the robust cubature Kalman filter to achieve accurate tracking of target states. First， the Student’s t-distribution was employed to approximate the heavy-tailed characteristics of noise， and an unknown scale matrix and auxiliary variables were jointly estimated via the variational Bayesian method， significantly improving the tracking accuracy of the algorithm under noise containing outliers. Second， kinematic extrapolation was applied to time-delayed measurement information， improving the tracking accuracy of maneuvering targets under time-delay conditions. Finally， simulation experiments demonstrate that， compared with existing target tracking algorithms， this algorithm maintains stable estimation performance for maneuvering target states under the conditions of noise containing outliers and time delays and achieves higher tracking accuracy.

Sensitivity Analysis of Kill Web Operational Effectiveness Based on Simulation Wargaming

Rongling XIONG, Qing YANG, Yanwei ZHANG, Luyou ZHANG, Chunyi DUAN

2026, 54(4):  170-182.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.04.018

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Kill web has the potential to replace kill chain as the primary combat power generation mode in new operational concepts， with its capability to offer dynamic and flexible combination of combat nodes. Addressing the characteristics of kill web such as its multitude of combat nodes， complex interaction relationships， and lack of experimental data， a method for evaluating the operational effectiveness of kill web in typical mission scenarios based on simulation modeling is proposed. By comparing operational effectiveness across different performance boundaries of kill web， sensitivity analysis is conducted to quantify the contribution of performance improvements to operational effectiveness. This provides a quantitative approach for requirements demonstration and design optimization of kill web performance metrics. Simulation results show that this method effectively quantifies and evaluates the rationality of kill web performance metrics in typical mission scenarios， thereby supporting requirements demonstration and overall scheme development for kill web performance metrics.