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A Review of Air Target Operational Intention Recognition Research Chenhao ZHANG, Yan ZHOU, Yichao CAI, Jiaqi GUO Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.001 Abstract （4814）   HTML （3503）    PDF （762KB）（3927）       Knowledge map    Save With the continuous evolution of war forms and the upgrading of weapons and equipment， the air battlefield situation is becoming more and more complex. Quickly and accurately identifying the combat intention of the target is an important content of battlefield situation assessment， which can provide auxiliary information for commanders to make decisions and help them to seize the initiative in the war. This paper firstly introduces the basic concepts and related models of target intention recognition， defines the concepts of target intention and intention recognition， and determines the status and importance of target intention recognition from two aspects of the operational command decision-making process and information fusion process. Secondly， target features and intention space， as input attributes and recognition framework for intention recognition respectively， are the basis of intention recognition and are reviewed. Then， five common target intention recognition methods such as rule and template matching， evidence theory， Bayesian network， traditional machine learning and neural network are reviewed. The basic mechanism and recognition process of each recognition method are introduced， and its advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Finally， the performance of five kinds of target combat intention recognition methods is compared and analyzed， and the future research direction is prospected. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Testing of Multi Rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Noise Source Tracking and Positioning System Jingyu HE, Jizheng LIU, Zhichen YANG, Dongdong WANG, Ping OU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 1-8.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.001 Abstract （5005）   HTML （2895）    PDF （3666KB）（3850）       Knowledge map    Save Multi-rotor drones are increasingly becoming a threat to critical facilities while bringing convenience. This article focuses on the difficulty of tracking and detecting low slow small unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs）， and develops a UAV tracking， detection， recognition， and positioning system based on microphone array sound source localization. The system acquires UAV noise signals in real time， and then uses a wavelet transform-based beamforming time-frequency sound source localization algorithm for UAV noise source localization， and finally integrates the position of the multi-rotor UAV obtained by inversion of the microphone array and the image captured by the video. Tests conducted in a fully anechoic room have shown that the positioning system can accurately track the lateral flight and up-and-down flight of drones， accurately detect the position of drones even in blind spots of cameras， and effectively compensate for video detection. And the positioning accuracy of the system is 92.2%， which is better than that of similar systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Architecture Design Method for Intelligent Air and Space Defense Combat System of Systems Xiaobo LI, Mengyi WANG, Yongyi LIAO, Zhijie HUANG, Tao WANG, Weiping WANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (2): 1-12.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.02.001 Abstract （1517）   HTML （1393）    PDF （2546KB）（2303）       Knowledge map    Save Driven by the increasing intelligence of potential threats and the continuous progress of current intelligent technology， the air and space defense combat system of systems （SoS） is not a linear superposition and mechanical stacking of equipment and technology but a comprehensive intelligent agent that organically integrates， dynamically adapts， and continuously evolves various combat elements. On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of intelligent air and space defense combat SoS， this paper innovated the intelligent design paradigm and concept， proposed a SoS architecture design method based on intelligent agent networks， and explored the key technologies of intelligent empowerment architecture design from three aspects： force nodes， force relationships， and adaptive mechanisms. This method provides an intelligent method reference for the top-level design of air and space defense forces， which helps to improve the intelligence and networking level of the construction and application of air and space defense combat SoS. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Mission-Based Command of the U.S. Air Force for Joint Operations Kaibin ZONG, Fei AN, Wenting ZHAO, Liudan YAN, Haijun LIU Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 66-74.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.008 Abstract （1688）   HTML （77）    PDF （1674KB）（2291）       Knowledge map    Save In April 2021， the U.S. Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center officially released “Air Force Doctrine Publication 1： The Air Force” （AFDP-1） （March 10， 2021 Edition）， completing a major update to the Air Force Basic Doctrine Volumes 1 and 2， which serve as the most fundamental doctrine of the U.S. Air Force and will guide the combat operation for a long time. In the updated AFDP-1 doctrine， it is clearly stated that the mission-based command should be regarded as the basic concept of the air force command and control， and the traditional principle of "centralized control and decentralized execution" should be replaced by "centralized command， distributed control and decentralized execution"， in order to accommodate the continuous evolution of operational concept， system architecture and equipment form， and lay the foundation for gaining advantages in major power competition and strong enemy confrontation. In view of such significant changes in the fundamental doctrine， this paper will conduct an in-depth analysis from the aspects of background and motivations， principles and implementation of mission-based command， and its relationship with traditional command paradigm， and gain the insight into the connotation behind such transformation. This paper summarizes the enlightenment and significance brought by this change， which will provide a reference for the future development planning. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Development of U.S. Space Military Strategy and Its Impact on Space Security Hongya LU, Qian WANG, Yue CHEN, Peng CUI Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 31-38.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.004 Abstract （2152）   HTML （141）    PDF （1873KB）（2283）       Knowledge map    Save Space military strategies provide the guidelines and foundations for the development of space forces. By sorting and analyzing the contents of U.S. space military strategy in recent years， the trends of the strategies are summarized. The militarization of space is obviously recognized. The U.S. space military strategies show a trend of developing the theory of space active confrontation， transforming into an independent space combat domain， promoting the application of campaigns and tactics， and strengthening the combination with business alliances. Furthermore， the space strategies show significant influences on the development of the U.S. space force， which manifests in improving the actual combat capabilities and accelerating the systematic transformation of space force.The impacts of the U.S. space strategies on the space posture and space activities are concluded， which probably provides references for China’s space force construction and the struggle for space supremacy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Winning Mechanism and Countermeasure Mode of Anti-submarine Warfare Zhuo BAI, Bangchu ZHANG, Weiyu ZHU, Pengkun YANG, Yiyong LIANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 36-47.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.005 Abstract （5721）   HTML （368）    PDF （3404KB）（1951）       Knowledge map    Save In response to the existing issues of unclear command relationships， ambiguous information flow， and limited means of disposal in anti-submarine warfare， this study proposes mechanisms and modes for achieving victory in anti-submarine operations. It approaches the problem from three perspectives： the physical domain， the information domain， and the intelligent domain. Based on the dynamic and evolving OODA（observation，orientation，decision，action） operational loop theory， combined with an analysis of the current status and trends in anti-submarine equipment and operational styles， a concept design for manned-unmanned cooperative anti-submarine warfare is presented. Additionally， key technological requirements for intelligent domain anti-submarine warfare are summarized， aiming to provide insights for the future development of low-cost and efficient anti-submarine operations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress and Countermeasures Against UAV Swarm Operations Abroad Ruijie WANG, Dechao WANG, Lu FENG, Zhengdang ZHAO, Zheliang CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (4): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.04.001 Abstract （859）   HTML （344）    PDF （1155KB）（1906）       Knowledge map    Save Driven by the technological advancements and military demands， unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） swarm warfare has emerged as a disruptive new style of warfare that can change the rules of engagement. Fierce competition has unfolded among major military powers around "swarm technologies and tactics". The concept and advantages of UAV swarm operation are introduced， and the development of the swarm operation types abroad is summarized. Based on the shortages and restrictions of conventional military equipment， the anti-swarm operation and explores the development direction of anti-swarm equipment and technology is analyzed. A dynamic kill chain construction strategy is put forward to solve the problem of inadequate application of adequate anti-swarm approaches and theories， and achieve systematic confrontation by comprehensively using a variety of anti-UAV swarm equipment in the future，laying the solid foundation for the development of the systematized anti-swarm operation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on U.S. Military’s Kill Web Concept and Inspiration to Chinese Air Defense Combat Equipment System Yuqian WANG, Yajie CAO, Xiaoqiong SHE, Yongyi LIAO Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (6): 1-8.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.001 Abstract （883）   HTML （478）    PDF （2152KB）（1906）       Knowledge map    Save The defense advanced research projects agency （DARPA） seeks to transform from a kill chain to a kill web and intends to construct a highly decentralized kill web to create an unpredictable kill chain through information networks. Under the test flag system， U.S. air force has conducted “orange flag” “emerald flag” and “black flag” tests to promote the application of the kill web concept. Firstly， based on the kill web combat concept， the connotations and differences of the kill web and kill chain are summarized. Secondly， the development background of the “adaptive cross-domain kill webs” program of DARPA is clarified， and its architectural design based on the “supplier-consumer” framework of E-commerce is analyzed. The key technical demonstrations of the program supported by the “anytime reasoning and analysis for kill-web negotiation and instantiation across domains” software are summarized. Thirdly， the key technologies required for kill web are proposed from the aspects of combat management， system architecture， secure communication， infrastructure， and standard specifications. Finally， in view of constructing a resilient kill web for the Chinese military’s defense combat， some suggestions on the construction of a Chinese air defense combat equipment system are given from the technical perspective. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of World Air and Missile Defense in 2022 and Enlightenment to China’s Development Zhen ZHOU, Yujie CAI, Yang YANG, Chuangwei WANG, Yunfei ZHANG Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (6): 26-35.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.004 Abstract （590）   HTML （44）    PDF （1414KB）（1779）       Knowledge map    Save In 2022， profound changes took place in the world military landscape. The Russia-Ukraine conflict and the situation on the Korean Peninsula have not only affected the equipment layout of hot spots and countries but also prompted countries to think deeply and make dynamic adjustments to the building of future air defense and missile capabilities. The development of major military powers such as the United States and Russia in the field of air defense and missile defense in 2022 is investigated. The trend of defense system construction and technology development is analyzed. Inspiration and suggestions for the current development status of air defense and missile defense in China are put forward to provide references for the construction of complex air and space defense operation capabilities in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and Enlightenment of Artificial Intelligence Defense Technology Qingtian ZHAO, Liwei LI, Xin CHEN, Lizhi HOU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 55-63.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.007 Abstract （6245）   HTML （358）    PDF （1406KB）（1555）       Knowledge map    Save The wide application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has led to the continuous evolution of war forms. To meet the challenge of intelligent warfare， this paper analyzes the development trend and the role of artificial intelligence technology and discusses the necessity of developing artificial intelligence defense technology in the military. From the view of "hard strike" and “soft strike”， the technical ideas of defense against anti-AI weapon systems and AI security defense architecture are given. The technical principles of pollution strike， reverse strike， backdoor strike， and confrontation strike are analyzed emphatically. Suggestions for strengthening AI defense technology research are given from six aspects： top-level design， application review， data governance， primary analysis， command art， and human-machine hybrid intelligence. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tactical Intent Recognition of Complex Air Targets Based on PACA Xiaocheng SONG, Shuting FENG, Tao JIANG, Zhi LI Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 48-54.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.006 Abstract （5930）   HTML （347）    PDF （799KB）（1382）       Knowledge map    Save In view of the dynamic nature of air target track， time sequence variation and multiple intentions in battlefield， this paper proposes a recognition method based on end-to-end generic attribute learning， which is used as the basic framework of intelligent multi-intention recognition model. By integrating the time sequence features and attribute characteristics of the target track， the unified input coding information is compressed and modified to encapsulate the knowledge and experience of experts as labels， and the commander's thinking mode of wartime situation judgment is learned to eliminate the interference factors brought by its concealment， deception and confrontation， so as to obtain the complex tactical intention of the specific target. Through the simulation experiment， the common multi-classification evaluation system is used to analyze the influence of the end-to-end training method on the results， and the comparison analysis with the relevant methods shows that the proposed algorithm is more effective and valuable for multi-intention recognition， and can be used to support the establishment of the correlation between non-cooperative targets and defense important places in the combat planning system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Thoughts on Development of the Battle Management of the Aerospace Defense Equipment System Fangfang LI, Mingyang LIU, Dongxu CAO Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 49-56.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.006 Abstract （1404）   HTML （87）    PDF （621KB）（1313）       Knowledge map    Save The features of the aerospace defense equipment system include the large quantity of its elements， the large space of the deployment， the deep cross-linking of the coordination， and the strong game confrontation. The battle management of the equipment elements is a necessary tool for the improving of the combat effectiveness， and is also proven to be one of the most effective tools by the practice at home and abroad. This paper shows the basic connotation， the features and the abroad development status of the battle management of the aerospace defense equipment system， and provides some thoughts and advices on the subsequent development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Modern Aerospace Defense Systems Constructed by En-Intelligence Mingnan TANG, Chenglong ZHANG, Ran WEI, Bohan WANG Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (5): 1-7.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.05.001 Abstract （740）   HTML （627）    PDF （478KB）（1305）       Knowledge map    Save Currently， the strategic competition among major powers is intensifying. Various operational concepts such as joint all domain concept （JADC）， mosaic warfare， and distributed defense， have brought new threats to the existing aerospace defense system. Against the background of strategic competition among major powers， the characteristics of modern aerospace defense systems are analyzed， such as completeness of operation elements， openness of architecture， antagonism of systems， and convergence of capabilities. The challenges of intelligent development in the aerospace defense system are studied， and the key points of intelligent development of aerospace defense systems are given. In addition， a development vision for an intelligent aerospace defense system featuring agile operation， robust antagonism， and efficient management and control is presented， which provides a new idea for the modernization construction of aerospace defense systems. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Scenario-Driven and Intelligent Optimization of Disposition Scheme for Air Defense Mingnan TANG, Chenglong ZHANG, Qiang ZHAO, Linlin LI Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.001 Abstract （2564）   HTML （2237）    PDF （2477KB）（1249）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the complex battlefield situation and diversified weapons and equipments in the modern battlefield， a typical air defense scene model is constructed. Mathematical model and the program， and the pre-optimization design scheme of the defense resources deployment under multiple constraints are obtained by using intelligent solution algorithm. Optimization design and solution are carried out in typical scenarios by using the nested genetic algorithm for the coverage issues of the detecting perceptual resources, and the intercepting and striking resources. The results show that the nested optimization algorithm can optimize the deployment of operational elements of air defense in typical scenes in a short time. Compared with traditional experience-based methods， the resource deployment scheme given by the optimization design has a higher value of space coverage ratio. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Navigational Warfare Capacity System Construction and Development Proposals Chao YUN, Zhiqiang TAN, Jianyong CUI, Panpan JIANG, Teng ZHENG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 26-35.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.004 Abstract （5020）   HTML （376）    PDF （986KB）（1143）       Knowledge map    Save As the role of satellite navigation systems in war continues to improve， it faces an increasingly complex battlefield electromagnetic environment， in order to ensure accurate and efficient transmission of timing and positioning information， and seize the information advantage， the military powers in the world continue to research and develop navigation war-related technology and its equipment， and its successful application to the construction of a new type of satellite navigation system and navigation jamming equipment， to improve the battlefield survivability of satellite navigation systems and the battlefield denial capability of navigation jamming equipment. The navigational warfare related overview and status role are introduced， the capacity status and development trend of navigational war are analyzed in detail， and the suggestions for the development of navigation warfare are given， the relevant research achievements can provide reference for the navigation development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effectiveness Evaluation and Defense Strategies for Network Attacks of Air and Missile Defense System Bin WANG, Jice WANG, Ying SHANG, Xiaofei WANG, Quan WEN Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 57-65.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.007 Abstract （1383）   HTML （86）    PDF （886KB）（1141）       Knowledge map    Save The networked air and missile defense system has the ability to flexibly control combat resources， effectively realize dynamic cross-domain command and control， and efficiently complete combat tasks. However， networked and integrated operations increase the risk of weapon systems suffering from cyber attacks while improving combat effectiveness， which will seriously threaten network security and combat effectiveness of combat equipment. Taking the U.S. tactical-level air and missile defense system as an example， according to its networked combat characteristics， this paper analyzes the security vulnerabilities of the air and missile defense network， and constructs an assessment model to analyze the probabilities of destroying network nodes. Three indicators are designed and used to evaluate the network performance loss of the node suffered network attack. The OPNET platformand the NetworkX are used to carry out network simulation experiments. Based on the evaluation results， the network defense strategies are proposed to provide reference for the improvement of the security defense capability. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary Research on Grid Interception Tactics of Anti-hypersonic Missiles Song WANG, Shengxiang SHAO, Xiaowen LUAN, Shuaiqin ZHANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (1): 1-7.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.01.001 Abstract （389）   HTML （665）    PDF （1161KB）（1119）       Knowledge map    Save Hypersonic missiles have become the cutting-edge weapon in the game of great powers， causing a serious impact on the existing missile defense system. In response to the hypersonic missile threat， a distributed grid-based interception tactics is proposed， which helps to realize the innovative development from layered defense to distributed defense. The proposed method embodies the advantages of distributed and flexible operations， satisfies the rapid response requirements of anti-missile operations， and is feasible to realize the real-time optimization of interception planning in a large defense depth. The grid deployment model and the interception planning process based on short-term trajectory prediction are given. Under the scenario of anti-hypersonic cruise missile， the proposed method is preliminarily demonstrated， and the operational principles are summarized. With the detection support of space-based networking， this method can effectively deal with the major threat caused by the strong maneuvering of hypersonic missiles by using short-term prediction of the target trajectory. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Underwater Target Wake Detection in Remote Sensing Yuchen SHI Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (1): 83-91.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.01.011 Abstract （427）   HTML （10）    PDF （1276KB）（1089）       Knowledge map    Save Underwater target detection plays an important role in modern warfare. With the development of remote sensing， detecting and identifying underwater targets through images is one of the key research directions. The article briefly introduces hydrodynamic wake and thermal wake. According to the classification of remote sensing images， the characteristics and algorithms of wake detection from optical images， synthetic aperture radar （SAR） images， and thermal infrared images are analyzed. The preliminary concept of future development is put forward， and the key technological directions that should be paid attention to are sorted out and summarized， so as to provide reference for the development of underwater target detection． Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Discussion on the Development of Collaborative Detection and Guidance Technology Shengbo DONG, Qiya SU, Muyao YU, Qing ZHAO Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 75-82.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.009 Abstract （1374）   HTML （64）    PDF （761KB）（1046）       Knowledge map    Save Modern combat is currently undergoing profound changes. Various military strategies and technologies have continuously emerged， such as distributed killing， mosaic warfare and para-suppression engineering. Against this background， this paper focuses on analyzing the characteristics of multi-domain integration in the Russia-Ukraine war， summarizing two major challenges including performance boundary and physical boundary， proposing the development direction of collaborative detection and guidance based on full-domain holographic situational awareness， refining eight key technologies including but not limited to the generic collaborative detection and guidance system architecture， and exploring the ways of implementation. The evolution of detection and guidance technology is promoted to multi-domain joint， cross-domain collaboration and full-domain countermeasure， supporting higher-level information-based warfare in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Design Method of Multi-dimensional Architecture of Cross-Domain Operational Systems Chenglong ZHANG, Qiang ZHAO, Ran WEI, Tong LI Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 20-30.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.003 Abstract （1883）   HTML （125）    PDF （3954KB）（1006）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the special complexity of architecture design of cross-domain operational systems， a design method of multi-dimensional architecture is proposed， including the design of conceptual architecture， physical architecture and logical architecture. The definitions and design procedures of the three above architectures are provided， with the conceptual architecture design including threat situation research， opposition research， capacity requirements analysis and operational concept generation， the physical architecture design including component elements selection， connection relationships description and deployment design， the logical architecture design including organizational hierarchy relationships design， operational process design， information sharing design and precision information transmission analysis. The proposed method can provide guidance for the architecture design of cross-domain operational systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics