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A Review of Air Target Operational Intention Recognition Research Chenhao ZHANG, Yan ZHOU, Yichao CAI, Jiaqi GUO Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.001 Abstract （4754）   HTML （3498）    PDF （762KB）（3871）       Knowledge map    Save With the continuous evolution of war forms and the upgrading of weapons and equipment， the air battlefield situation is becoming more and more complex. Quickly and accurately identifying the combat intention of the target is an important content of battlefield situation assessment， which can provide auxiliary information for commanders to make decisions and help them to seize the initiative in the war. This paper firstly introduces the basic concepts and related models of target intention recognition， defines the concepts of target intention and intention recognition， and determines the status and importance of target intention recognition from two aspects of the operational command decision-making process and information fusion process. Secondly， target features and intention space， as input attributes and recognition framework for intention recognition respectively， are the basis of intention recognition and are reviewed. Then， five common target intention recognition methods such as rule and template matching， evidence theory， Bayesian network， traditional machine learning and neural network are reviewed. The basic mechanism and recognition process of each recognition method are introduced， and its advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Finally， the performance of five kinds of target combat intention recognition methods is compared and analyzed， and the future research direction is prospected. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Testing of Multi Rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Noise Source Tracking and Positioning System Jingyu HE, Jizheng LIU, Zhichen YANG, Dongdong WANG, Ping OU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 1-8.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.001 Abstract （4978）   HTML （2895）    PDF （3666KB）（3794）       Knowledge map    Save Multi-rotor drones are increasingly becoming a threat to critical facilities while bringing convenience. This article focuses on the difficulty of tracking and detecting low slow small unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs）， and develops a UAV tracking， detection， recognition， and positioning system based on microphone array sound source localization. The system acquires UAV noise signals in real time， and then uses a wavelet transform-based beamforming time-frequency sound source localization algorithm for UAV noise source localization， and finally integrates the position of the multi-rotor UAV obtained by inversion of the microphone array and the image captured by the video. Tests conducted in a fully anechoic room have shown that the positioning system can accurately track the lateral flight and up-and-down flight of drones， accurately detect the position of drones even in blind spots of cameras， and effectively compensate for video detection. And the positioning accuracy of the system is 92.2%， which is better than that of similar systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Supernetwork Modeling and Interaction Mechanism of Missile Defense System-of-Systems Jian LUO, Xiao-hong YU, Wei JIANG, Jie-juan WANG, Xiao-wei CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (3): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.03.001 Abstract （13909）   HTML （11161）    PDF （1891KB）（2459）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at missile defense system-of-systems process， based on complex network， the application of missile defense system-of-systems is abstracted topologically， and the supernetwork modeling of the application of missile defense system-of-systems is built， which is composed of accusation subnet， information subnet， engagement subnet and sensor subnet. The static interaction mechanism of models is analyzed deeply， and the nodes interaction relationship is described mathematically. The dynamic interaction mechanism of the models is analyzed based on the time sequence of operation phases， and the characteristic parameters reflecting the network evolution characteristics between subnet and internal subnet are extracted. The simulation results show the overall characteristic value such as network density of the network changes in phases， and the information flow changes regularly with phases tasks， as well as the role and status of each node， which is a useful exploration for the following optimization problems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Implications of Intelligent Unmanned Combat Aerial Equipment by the US Army Kang-sheng DONG, Wei-bo HU, Yan-ming SHEN, Shang-qin TANG Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (4): 28-37.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.04.004 Abstract （10341）   HTML （524）    PDF （2237KB）（2409）       Knowledge map    Save U.S. military unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） play an important role in military operations. There is an increasing trend for the total number of the UAVs and their intelligent level. To seize the high ground in the domain of the unmanned intelligent warfare， the US army are carrying out a series of new research projects. This paper analyzes the operational characteristics as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the U.S. military's in-service UAV equipment. According to the latest development of the intelligent technology in software and hardware， the projects of Carrier-Based Aerial-Refueling System， Loyal Wingman， Golden Horde， Project Maven， Advanced Battle Management System are analyzed in detail. The new characteristics and pattern of these intelligent military equipment are presented. The implications and suggestions for tackling the development of unmanned intelligent equipment are proposed in terms of the air combat theory， capabilities and techniques， as well as the equipment system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Space Equipment Baoyin YAO, Lei MAO, Zhibin WANG Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (2): 33-42.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.02.004 Abstract （3994）   HTML （369）    PDF （1730KB）（2293）       Knowledge map    Save Regarded as one of the “game-changing” cutting-edge technologies by the main powers， artificial intelligence （AI） is expected to improve the reliability， rapidity， and autonomy of space equipment and exert a disruptive impact. In this study， the development state of AI and its applications in space equipment are briefly analyzed. Then， the application architecture of AI in space equipment is established. On this basis， the application scenes of AI in space equipment is studied from several aspects， such as launch vehicles， satellite communications， satellite remote sensing， satellite navigation， manned spacecraft， and space situational awareness according to the dimensions of going into space， utilizing space， and controlling space. Finally， the trends of AI applications in space equipment are summarized. This work can be a reference for the development of AI applications in space equipment in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Architecture Design Method for Intelligent Air and Space Defense Combat System of Systems Xiaobo LI, Mengyi WANG, Yongyi LIAO, Zhijie HUANG, Tao WANG, Weiping WANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (2): 1-12.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.02.001 Abstract （1482）   HTML （1390）    PDF （2546KB）（2238）       Knowledge map    Save Driven by the increasing intelligence of potential threats and the continuous progress of current intelligent technology， the air and space defense combat system of systems （SoS） is not a linear superposition and mechanical stacking of equipment and technology but a comprehensive intelligent agent that organically integrates， dynamically adapts， and continuously evolves various combat elements. On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of intelligent air and space defense combat SoS， this paper innovated the intelligent design paradigm and concept， proposed a SoS architecture design method based on intelligent agent networks， and explored the key technologies of intelligent empowerment architecture design from three aspects： force nodes， force relationships， and adaptive mechanisms. This method provides an intelligent method reference for the top-level design of air and space defense forces， which helps to improve the intelligence and networking level of the construction and application of air and space defense combat SoS. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Mission-Based Command of the U.S. Air Force for Joint Operations Kaibin ZONG, Fei AN, Wenting ZHAO, Liudan YAN, Haijun LIU Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 66-74.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.008 Abstract （1652）   HTML （74）    PDF （1674KB）（2223）       Knowledge map    Save In April 2021， the U.S. Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center officially released “Air Force Doctrine Publication 1： The Air Force” （AFDP-1） （March 10， 2021 Edition）， completing a major update to the Air Force Basic Doctrine Volumes 1 and 2， which serve as the most fundamental doctrine of the U.S. Air Force and will guide the combat operation for a long time. In the updated AFDP-1 doctrine， it is clearly stated that the mission-based command should be regarded as the basic concept of the air force command and control， and the traditional principle of "centralized control and decentralized execution" should be replaced by "centralized command， distributed control and decentralized execution"， in order to accommodate the continuous evolution of operational concept， system architecture and equipment form， and lay the foundation for gaining advantages in major power competition and strong enemy confrontation. In view of such significant changes in the fundamental doctrine， this paper will conduct an in-depth analysis from the aspects of background and motivations， principles and implementation of mission-based command， and its relationship with traditional command paradigm， and gain the insight into the connotation behind such transformation. This paper summarizes the enlightenment and significance brought by this change， which will provide a reference for the future development planning. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Development of U.S. Space Military Strategy and Its Impact on Space Security Hongya LU, Qian WANG, Yue CHEN, Peng CUI Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (3): 31-38.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.004 Abstract （2108）   HTML （139）    PDF （1873KB）（2186）       Knowledge map    Save Space military strategies provide the guidelines and foundations for the development of space forces. By sorting and analyzing the contents of U.S. space military strategy in recent years， the trends of the strategies are summarized. The militarization of space is obviously recognized. The U.S. space military strategies show a trend of developing the theory of space active confrontation， transforming into an independent space combat domain， promoting the application of campaigns and tactics， and strengthening the combination with business alliances. Furthermore， the space strategies show significant influences on the development of the U.S. space force， which manifests in improving the actual combat capabilities and accelerating the systematic transformation of space force.The impacts of the U.S. space strategies on the space posture and space activities are concluded， which probably provides references for China’s space force construction and the struggle for space supremacy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on IAMD Battle Command System（IBCS）of the US Sen LI, Hai-lin TIAN, Gang WANG, Da-xi LI, Jing WU Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (4): 84-100.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.04.010 Abstract （6839）   HTML （298）    PDF （6583KB）（2118）       Knowledge map    Save Integrated air and missile defense battle command system（IBCS）is not only the core system to support the force transformation and operation-concept development of U.S. Air Defense Artillery（ADA）， but also an important platform for deep integration of multi-domain and multi-type air & missile defense combat elements. The base-line version of IBCS began to deliver ADA in 2022. Based on the previous general research， the system component， equipment function， association relationship and troop configuration of IBCS are analyzed. It is pointed out that the new disposition capability of engagement operations center（EOC）is "one-type equipment， multi-level command hierarchy adaptation； one set of software， multi-role and function configuration". Based on the type configuration analysis of EOC， the operational mode and characteristics of IBCS are discussed. The inspiration and suggestion are put forward based on the above research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Safety Test Method of Ammunition Guoliang LIU, Gangling JIAO, Ying MA, Jie HU, Weijiang SHI Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (1): 107-118.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.01.013 Abstract （5796）   HTML （260）    PDF （1588KB）（2084）       Knowledge map    Save In view of the safety accidents when the ammunition itself is attacked by the enemy or improperly operated and the safety problems of high-value weapon platform ammunition， through a large number of data research， on the basis of summarizing and analyzing the research progress of ammunition safety problems in western military powers， the types of assessment tests and the related research carried out by domestic scholars， combined with the shooting range test， eight kinds of test assessment methods for the safety test of the tested ammunition are put forward， including safety drop， bullet attack， fragment impact， liquid fuel/external fire， slow heating， symppathetic reaction， shaped charge jet and braking of rocket sled. The corresponding assessment requirements and evaluation methods are given for the reaction types and reaction levels of the tested ammunition after stimulation. Some suggestions are put forward for the research on ammunition safety in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of Hypersonic Weapon Development and Defense System Research in Near Space Hong-yu LI, Tong YIN, Xiao-biao DUN Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (6): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.06.001 Abstract （6838）   HTML （8532）    PDF （921KB）（2045）       Knowledge map    Save For the first time， Russia used the "Dagger" hypersonic weapon to destroy a large underground warehouse in Ukraine in combat， causing the world to pay more attention to hypersonic weapons and a growing sense of urgency. Hypersonic weapons have the advantages of fast flight speed， strong maneuver ability and difficult flight trajectory prediction， which makes the traditional missile defense system "paralyzed overnight". As countries around the world accelerate the weaponization of hypersonic technology， the hypersonic weapon defense system is also being built simultaneously. Aiming at the defense problem of foreign hypersonic weapons， the development status of foreign hypersonic weapons and the construction of hypersonic weapons defense system in the United States and Russia are analyzed in depth， and the development direction of foreign hypersonic weapons defense system construction is sorted out. The research results can promote the development of advanced defense technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Sixth Generation Fighter Development and Operational Concept Bao-jun ZHAO, Shi-tao CHEN, Da-xi LI, Ran ZHAO Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (6): 19-25.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.06.003 Abstract （5580）   HTML （366）    PDF （1360KB）（1970）       Knowledge map    Save In order to identify the potential threat of the next generation fighter to the air defense system， the sixth generation fighter development plans and progress about US， Japan， UK， and French are analyzed. The typical capability characteristics and requires are identified， and the typical operational concepts are analyzed. The typical operational modes are identified initially， and it will provide the reference of the threat drive and development direction traction for the ground-based air defense system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on UAV Supporting Ground Air Defense Operations Zhan-fu SONG, Quan-xi ZHAO, Wen-zhi HU, Yi HUANG Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (5): 22-27.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.05.004 Abstract （5362）   HTML （417）    PDF （746KB）（1940）       Knowledge map    Save With their low cost， low casualty， multi-energy and high-efficiency advantages， UAVs are constantly changing the rules of engagement of war， and have become the focus of competition among countries around the world. According to the advantages of UAV support operations， explore UAV support operations in air defense operations such as early warning detection， electronic countermeasures， information communication， guided strikes， camouflage protection， transportation and delivery， and actual combat training. The proposals for UAVs devlopments in ground air defense forces are put forward， which are important for the rapid integration of UAVs into the air defense combat system and the improvement of air defense combat effectiveness. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Winning Mechanism and Countermeasure Mode of Anti-submarine Warfare Zhuo BAI, Bangchu ZHANG, Weiyu ZHU, Pengkun YANG, Yiyong LIANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (3): 36-47.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.03.005 Abstract （5698）   HTML （363）    PDF （3404KB）（1909）       Knowledge map    Save In response to the existing issues of unclear command relationships， ambiguous information flow， and limited means of disposal in anti-submarine warfare， this study proposes mechanisms and modes for achieving victory in anti-submarine operations. It approaches the problem from three perspectives： the physical domain， the information domain， and the intelligent domain. Based on the dynamic and evolving OODA（observation，orientation，decision，action） operational loop theory， combined with an analysis of the current status and trends in anti-submarine equipment and operational styles， a concept design for manned-unmanned cooperative anti-submarine warfare is presented. Additionally， key technological requirements for intelligent domain anti-submarine warfare are summarized， aiming to provide insights for the future development of low-cost and efficient anti-submarine operations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Non-Fragile Prescribed Performance Control of Waverider Vehicle Xiang-wei BU, Bao-xu JIANG Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (4): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.04.001 Abstract （15155）   HTML （11030）    PDF （1323KB）（1880）       Knowledge map    Save A new non-fragile prescribed performance control （PPC） protocol without any online learning parameter is proposed for the waverider vehicle （WV） to address the problems of existing PPC methods with a large amount of online learning and obvious fragility defects. By designing a new type of performance functions with re-adjusting function， the low-complexity-based control laws are developed for the velocity subsystem and the altitude subsystem of WV， and the problem of “explosion of terms” inherent to back-stepping is avoided. The stability of closed-loop system and the guarantee of prescribed performance are proved based on Lyapunov synthesis. Compared with the existing PPC， the improvement of the proposed method is that the constructed prescribed envelope is capable of actively adjusting its shape according to the error fluctuation caused by sudden disturbances， which avoids the possible control singular problem and makes up for the fragility defect of the existing PPC. The effectiveness and advantage of the addressed method are verified via compared numerical simulation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Kill Chain and Kill Net Inside the US Ballistic Missile Defense System Yuyan TANG, Fangfang LI, Zhenyu ZHANG, Lei LI, Zhi LI Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.01.001 Abstract （9973）   HTML （9263）    PDF （6860KB）（1846）       Knowledge map    Save According to the development of US Ballistic Missile Defense System （BMDS） and the operational concept of kill chain and kill net， the concept and their closure of the information chain， time chain， energy chain， recognition chain， precision chain within the kill chain of US BMDS are analysed with the typical example of U.S. ground-based midcaurse defense system against the North Korea’s intercontinental ballistic missile attacking American mainland. The kill net and its comprehensive defense capability of ballistic missile defense for American mainland and overseas theater are analysed with the typical examples. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on U.S. Military’s Kill Web Concept and Inspiration to Chinese Air Defense Combat Equipment System Yuqian WANG, Yajie CAO, Xiaoqiong SHE, Yongyi LIAO Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (6): 1-8.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.001 Abstract （855）   HTML （475）    PDF （2152KB）（1839）       Knowledge map    Save The defense advanced research projects agency （DARPA） seeks to transform from a kill chain to a kill web and intends to construct a highly decentralized kill web to create an unpredictable kill chain through information networks. Under the test flag system， U.S. air force has conducted “orange flag” “emerald flag” and “black flag” tests to promote the application of the kill web concept. Firstly， based on the kill web combat concept， the connotations and differences of the kill web and kill chain are summarized. Secondly， the development background of the “adaptive cross-domain kill webs” program of DARPA is clarified， and its architectural design based on the “supplier-consumer” framework of E-commerce is analyzed. The key technical demonstrations of the program supported by the “anytime reasoning and analysis for kill-web negotiation and instantiation across domains” software are summarized. Thirdly， the key technologies required for kill web are proposed from the aspects of combat management， system architecture， secure communication， infrastructure， and standard specifications. Finally， in view of constructing a resilient kill web for the Chinese military’s defense combat， some suggestions on the construction of a Chinese air defense combat equipment system are given from the technical perspective. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploring the Problem of UUV Launching Submarine-to-Air Missiles Wen-min JIANG, Lin-ping FENG, Liang QU Modern Defense Technology    2022, 50 (3): 10-16.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2022.03.002 Abstract （12587）   HTML （688）    PDF （506KB）（1803）       Knowledge map    Save Submarine has been in an asymmetric situation of being suppressed in the face of airborne ASW threats. With the improvement of anti-submarine forces in the air，the pressure of submarine air defense has been increasing. Based on effective countermeasures against the threat posed by airborne ASW forces to submarines， the concept of using UUV to launch submarine-to-air missiles is introduced through comparative analysis of the operational performance about submarine and air force platforms， referring to the mature experience of UUV launching torpedoes. The advantages of launching submarine-to-air missiles by UUV are analyzed，and the feasibility analysis of the technical basis and technical difficulties of launching submarine-to-air missiles by UUV are also carried out. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress and Countermeasures Against UAV Swarm Operations Abroad Ruijie WANG, Dechao WANG, Lu FENG, Zhengdang ZHAO, Zheliang CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (4): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.04.001 Abstract （828）   HTML （344）    PDF （1155KB）（1801）       Knowledge map    Save Driven by the technological advancements and military demands， unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） swarm warfare has emerged as a disruptive new style of warfare that can change the rules of engagement. Fierce competition has unfolded among major military powers around "swarm technologies and tactics". The concept and advantages of UAV swarm operation are introduced， and the development of the swarm operation types abroad is summarized. Based on the shortages and restrictions of conventional military equipment， the anti-swarm operation and explores the development direction of anti-swarm equipment and technology is analyzed. A dynamic kill chain construction strategy is put forward to solve the problem of inadequate application of adequate anti-swarm approaches and theories， and achieve systematic confrontation by comprehensively using a variety of anti-UAV swarm equipment in the future，laying the solid foundation for the development of the systematized anti-swarm operation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Cross Domain Distributed Defense Operations and Key Technologies Wenjie ZHANG, Feng GUO, Qian GAO, Shikai WANG, Qi LI, Shaokang ZHONG Modern Defense Technology    2023, 51 (1): 11-16.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.01.002 Abstract （7576）   HTML （694）    PDF （741KB）（1760）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of information equipment， the combat style is also changing and improving， and the cross domain distributed operation through air ground coordination will become inevitable. The air combat platform has the advantages of good mobility， broad vision and strong situational awareness， while the ground defense equipment has the advantages of concealed deployment， wide firepower coverage and strong anti-interference ability. Adopting the distributed coordination mode of air and ground can give full play to their respective advantages， improve the utilization rate of equipment of all services and arms， and achieve greater operational efficiency. In the future， air ground cooperative operations will be characterized by “three-dimensional unity， air to ground coordination， and multiple divisions in one region”。The necessity of cross domain distributed operation through air ground coordination is put forward in this paper for future battlefield characteristics. The characteristics of cross domain distributed defense are given. The shortcomings of the current defense operation architecture are analyzed， and the specific measures of air ground cooperative cross domain distributed defense are analyzed. The key technologies of cross domain distributed defense are summarized and the development suggestions are given. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics