Modern Defense Technology

Scenario-Driven and Intelligent Optimization of Disposition Scheme for Air Defense

Mingnan TANG, Chenglong ZHANG, Qiang ZHAO, Linlin LI

2023, 51(3): 1-9. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.001

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Aiming at the complex battlefield situation and diversified weapons and equipments in the modern battlefield， a typical air defense scene model is constructed. Mathematical model and the program， and the pre-optimization design scheme of the defense resources deployment under multiple constraints are obtained by using intelligent solution algorithm. Optimization design and solution are carried out in typical scenarios by using the nested genetic algorithm for the coverage issues of the detecting perceptual resources, and the intercepting and striking resources. The results show that the nested optimization algorithm can optimize the deployment of operational elements of air defense in typical scenes in a short time. Compared with traditional experience-based methods， the resource deployment scheme given by the optimization design has a higher value of space coverage ratio.

Analysis and Evaluation of Core Capabilities of US Ground-Based Midcourse Defense

Yuyan TANG

2023, 51(3): 10-19. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.002

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Based on the development of the U.S. ground-based midcourse defense system and public intelligence information， the early warning and tracking identification capabilities， protection zone， missile single-shot kill probability， multiple targets capability and ability level to deal with threat targets are quantitatively analyzed or qualitatively assessed applying systems engineering methods with the industrial foundation and technical level of US ballistic missile defense， which will contribute to understand the capabilities of the U.S. ground-based midcourse defense more thoroughly and accurately.

Research on Design Method of Multi-dimensional Architecture of Cross-Domain Operational Systems

Chenglong ZHANG, Qiang ZHAO, Ran WEI, Tong LI

2023, 51(3): 20-30. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.003

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In order to solve the special complexity of architecture design of cross-domain operational systems， a design method of multi-dimensional architecture is proposed， including the design of conceptual architecture， physical architecture and logical architecture. The definitions and design procedures of the three above architectures are provided， with the conceptual architecture design including threat situation research， opposition research， capacity requirements analysis and operational concept generation， the physical architecture design including component elements selection， connection relationships description and deployment design， the logical architecture design including organizational hierarchy relationships design， operational process design， information sharing design and precision information transmission analysis. The proposed method can provide guidance for the architecture design of cross-domain operational systems.

Analysis of the Development of U.S. Space Military Strategy and Its Impact on Space Security

Hongya LU, Qian WANG, Yue CHEN, Peng CUI

2023, 51(3): 31-38. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.004

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Space military strategies provide the guidelines and foundations for the development of space forces. By sorting and analyzing the contents of U.S. space military strategy in recent years， the trends of the strategies are summarized. The militarization of space is obviously recognized. The U.S. space military strategies show a trend of developing the theory of space active confrontation， transforming into an independent space combat domain， promoting the application of campaigns and tactics， and strengthening the combination with business alliances. Furthermore， the space strategies show significant influences on the development of the U.S. space force， which manifests in improving the actual combat capabilities and accelerating the systematic transformation of space force.The impacts of the U.S. space strategies on the space posture and space activities are concluded， which probably provides references for China’s space force construction and the struggle for space supremacy.

Research on Multi-task Controllable Emergence Mechanism for Air and Space Defense System

Zonglei BAI, Xiuhua LIU, Tianxiang BAI, Kewu SUN

2023, 51(3): 39-48. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.005

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The research on the emergence of swarm intelligence plays an important role in people's understanding of the laws of nature， optimizing social management， and promoting knowledge innovation. The air and space defense system provides a new scene for the research and application of swarm intelligence. However， the aerospace defense system is a typical nonlinear system， and the controllable emergence of the system faces problems such as exponential explosion of state space， complex dynamic process model， and difficult performance analysis. Aiming at the battlefield defense scenario， this paper carries out the research on the controllable emergence mechanism of intelligent defense system for large-scale target response， complex task scenario adaptation， multi-task coordination and cooperation， and complex system design faced by the air and space defense system， explores the emergence mechanism of the air and space defense system， and provides a new perspective for improving the multi-target response capability， rapid scenario adaptation ability and effective coordination and cooperation among the elements of the air and space defense system.

Thoughts on Development of the Battle Management of the Aerospace Defense Equipment System

Fangfang LI, Mingyang LIU, Dongxu CAO

2023, 51(3): 49-56. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.006

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The features of the aerospace defense equipment system include the large quantity of its elements， the large space of the deployment， the deep cross-linking of the coordination， and the strong game confrontation. The battle management of the equipment elements is a necessary tool for the improving of the combat effectiveness， and is also proven to be one of the most effective tools by the practice at home and abroad. This paper shows the basic connotation， the features and the abroad development status of the battle management of the aerospace defense equipment system， and provides some thoughts and advices on the subsequent development.

Effectiveness Evaluation and Defense Strategies for Network Attacks of Air and Missile Defense System

Bin WANG, Jice WANG, Ying SHANG, Xiaofei WANG, Quan WEN

2023, 51(3): 57-65. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.007

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The networked air and missile defense system has the ability to flexibly control combat resources， effectively realize dynamic cross-domain command and control， and efficiently complete combat tasks. However， networked and integrated operations increase the risk of weapon systems suffering from cyber attacks while improving combat effectiveness， which will seriously threaten network security and combat effectiveness of combat equipment. Taking the U.S. tactical-level air and missile defense system as an example， according to its networked combat characteristics， this paper analyzes the security vulnerabilities of the air and missile defense network， and constructs an assessment model to analyze the probabilities of destroying network nodes. Three indicators are designed and used to evaluate the network performance loss of the node suffered network attack. The OPNET platformand the NetworkX are used to carry out network simulation experiments. Based on the evaluation results， the network defense strategies are proposed to provide reference for the improvement of the security defense capability.

Analysis of Mission-Based Command of the U.S. Air Force for Joint Operations

Kaibin ZONG, Fei AN, Wenting ZHAO, Liudan YAN, Haijun LIU

2023, 51(3): 66-74. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.008

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In April 2021， the U.S. Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center officially released “Air Force Doctrine Publication 1： The Air Force” （AFDP-1）（March 10， 2021 Edition）， completing a major update to the Air Force Basic Doctrine Volumes 1 and 2， which serve as the most fundamental doctrine of the U.S. Air Force and will guide the combat operation for a long time. In the updated AFDP-1 doctrine， it is clearly stated that the mission-based command should be regarded as the basic concept of the air force command and control， and the traditional principle of "centralized control and decentralized execution" should be replaced by "centralized command， distributed control and decentralized execution"， in order to accommodate the continuous evolution of operational concept， system architecture and equipment form， and lay the foundation for gaining advantages in major power competition and strong enemy confrontation. In view of such significant changes in the fundamental doctrine， this paper will conduct an in-depth analysis from the aspects of background and motivations， principles and implementation of mission-based command， and its relationship with traditional command paradigm， and gain the insight into the connotation behind such transformation. This paper summarizes the enlightenment and significance brought by this change， which will provide a reference for the future development planning.

Discussion on the Development of Collaborative Detection and Guidance Technology

Shengbo DONG, Qiya SU, Muyao YU, Qing ZHAO

2023, 51(3): 75-82. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.009

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Modern combat is currently undergoing profound changes. Various military strategies and technologies have continuously emerged， such as distributed killing， mosaic warfare and para-suppression engineering. Against this background， this paper focuses on analyzing the characteristics of multi-domain integration in the Russia-Ukraine war， summarizing two major challenges including performance boundary and physical boundary， proposing the development direction of collaborative detection and guidance based on full-domain holographic situational awareness， refining eight key technologies including but not limited to the generic collaborative detection and guidance system architecture， and exploring the ways of implementation. The evolution of detection and guidance technology is promoted to multi-domain joint， cross-domain collaboration and full-domain countermeasure， supporting higher-level information-based warfare in the future.

Research on Modeling Technology and Feature Cognition of Electromagnetic Scattering Characteristics of Aerospace Targets

Zhihe XIAO, Hongmei REN, Chunzhu DONG, Tao ZHAO, Xuan CHEN

2023, 51(3): 83-90. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.010

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Accurate detection of aerospace target is the primary challenge of recognition. The electromagnetic scattering characteristics are an important basis for radar sensor-based target recognition in defense systems. This paper summarizes the current status of foreign research on the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of aerospace target. Aiming at the difficulties such as accurate modeling， efficient simulation， and recognition of application of electromagnetic scattering characteristics of aerospace targets with high dynamic and complex structures， the research approach of electromagnetic scattering characteristics modeling and feature recognition technology of aerospace targets are proposed. Combined with simulation examples， it expounds the methods for realizing dynamic scene construction of target groups， efficient generation of target characteristics， and feature cognition of typical dynamic scenes such as micro-motion， separation and target groups. This paper analyzes changes in the scattering mechanism caused by the future development of aerospace targets and presents ideas for deepening research on the characteristics of aerospace defense targets.

Air-to-Ground Target Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-branch Context Fusion

Ming HE, Zihan ZHU, Xulong ZHAI, Zheng ZHAI, Chengpeng HAO

2023, 51(3): 91-98. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.011

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The intelligent application of unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） is a hot topic in current research. To achieve efficient and real-time air-to-ground target detection for UAVs， this paper proposes a lightweight MBCF-YOLO model for air-to-ground target detection. First， a deep separable convolution to redesign an efficient and lightweight backbone network is introduced. Then， a small target detection branch with embedded recursive attention mechanism is added to the neck network to improve the detection accuracy of small targets and the ability of feature fusion. Finally， the focus loss function is combined with loss rank mining to improve the original loss function to overcome the data imbalance problem of air-to-ground datasets. Several control experiments and real machine applications have been conducted on this algorithm model， and the results show that compared with other current algorithms， the MBCF-YOLO algorithm achieves a better balance between accuracy and latency on the VisDrone 2021 dataset.

Research on Active-Defense Theory in Electromagnetic Domain

Hongxun WANG, Honglei WANG, Jing DENG, Xin XIANG

2023, 51(3): 99-106. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.012

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For a long time， hostile close-in reconnaissance （HCR） against China by foreign countries has become increasingly fierce， and has been upgraded to the theoretical level of "deterrence by detection"， showing a systematic and intelligent development trend. The threat， efficiency mechanism， technical theory， cognitive limitations of HCR are analyzed， limitations and cognitive misunderstandings of traditional DHCR （denial of hostile approaching reconnaissance） operations are analyzed. Taking electronic reconnaissance and radar counter-reconnaissance in electronic warfare as examples， regaining the electromagnetic right in DHCR is focused both with denying the tasks of HCR operations， a new theory of active defense in electromagnetic domain is proposed， and combined with the DHCR， a new tactical operation type is proposed with name of CRJ， laying a theoretical foundation for the systematization of DHCR.

Optimal Configuration Design for Multi-platform Collaborative Target Tracking

Yongzheng YU, Xuehui SHAO, Shibo GAO, Zhiwei PU, Bing XUE

2023, 51(3): 107-119. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.03.013

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To solve the optimal configuration design problem in passive and active passive multi-platform collaborative tracking scenarios， a multi-platform collaborative tracking optimal configuration design method based on effectiveness evaluation system is proposed. The mathematical model of passive and active passive multi-platform cooperative tracking is derived， and the effectiveness that can evaluate the tracking results is selected as the tracking effectiveness. A quantitative function is designed to unify the tracking effectiveness dimension； the analytic hierarchy process is used to construct a tracking effectiveness evaluation system， and a formula for calculating the effectiveness evaluation value is derived. In order to obtain the optimal configuration parameters， establish a maximum effectiveness evaluation value， consider the optimal design problem constrained by the range of configuration parameters and communication rate； then， the differential evolution algorithm is used to solve the optimal design problem. The final simulation results show that the proposed method can obtain the optimal configuration parameters and complete the configuration design with the optimal tracking effectiveness evaluation value.

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