Modern Defense Technology

Research on U.S. Military’s Kill Web Concept and Inspiration to Chinese Air Defense Combat Equipment System

Yuqian WANG, Yajie CAO, Xiaoqiong SHE, Yongyi LIAO

2023, 51(6): 1-8. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.001

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The defense advanced research projects agency （DARPA） seeks to transform from a kill chain to a kill web and intends to construct a highly decentralized kill web to create an unpredictable kill chain through information networks. Under the test flag system， U.S. air force has conducted “orange flag” “emerald flag” and “black flag” tests to promote the application of the kill web concept. Firstly， based on the kill web combat concept， the connotations and differences of the kill web and kill chain are summarized. Secondly， the development background of the “adaptive cross-domain kill webs” program of DARPA is clarified， and its architectural design based on the “supplier-consumer” framework of E-commerce is analyzed. The key technical demonstrations of the program supported by the “anytime reasoning and analysis for kill-web negotiation and instantiation across domains” software are summarized. Thirdly， the key technologies required for kill web are proposed from the aspects of combat management， system architecture， secure communication， infrastructure， and standard specifications. Finally， in view of constructing a resilient kill web for the Chinese military’s defense combat， some suggestions on the construction of a Chinese air defense combat equipment system are given from the technical perspective.

Analysis of American National Defense Space Architecture Development

Yuanzhen REN, Sheng JIN, Yaobing LU, Shuyan SUN, Jinan LI

2023, 51(6): 9-17. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.002

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The national defense space architecture （NDSA） is the future space capability architecture of the United States， which aims to unify and integrate the next generation of the US space defense capabilities and seek space superiority. To clarify the key driving factors of NDSA， deepen the understanding and cognition of its essential core， and grasp the direction of future development trends， this paper sorts out the structure of the NDSA and analyzes the development plan and current situation. It focuses on the recent satellite deployment and technical research on the key transmission layer， tracking layer， supervision layer， and operational management layer. The development motivation is discussed from three dimensions of national competition， flexible development， and operational innovation. Finally， the paper gives relevant inspiration to the NDSA and related fields in China.

Research on Rationality Evaluation of Anti-Missile Equipment Configuration

Weijun YU, Zhaohui SHI

2023, 51(6): 18-25. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.003

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The rationality of anti-missile equipment configuration is an important index to measure the effectiveness of anti-missile combat. Since there are few studies on the rationality evaluation of anti-missile equipment configuration， and effective means and unified standards are insufficient， the main factors affecting the rationality evaluation of anti-missile equipment configuration are analyzed by reviewing the research status. According to the configuration requirements of actual combat scenarios， an evaluation index system is established to evaluate the rationality of anti-missile equipment configuration based on the configuration area and multi-attribute decision making， and the rationality evaluation is refined according to different application scenarios. Finally， a typical application scenario is taken as an example to verify and analyze the constructed index system， which provides a certain reference for the actual deployment and configuration of anti-missile equipment.

Review of World Air and Missile Defense in 2022 and Enlightenment to China’s Development

Zhen ZHOU, Yujie CAI, Yang YANG, Chuangwei WANG, Yunfei ZHANG

2023, 51(6): 26-35. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.004

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In 2022， profound changes took place in the world military landscape. The Russia-Ukraine conflict and the situation on the Korean Peninsula have not only affected the equipment layout of hot spots and countries but also prompted countries to think deeply and make dynamic adjustments to the building of future air defense and missile capabilities. The development of major military powers such as the United States and Russia in the field of air defense and missile defense in 2022 is investigated. The trend of defense system construction and technology development is analyzed. Inspiration and suggestions for the current development status of air defense and missile defense in China are put forward to provide references for the construction of complex air and space defense operation capabilities in the future.

Present Situation and Development Trend of Shipborne RF Corner Reflector Equipment

Lingang WU, Shengliang HU, Zhong LIU, XU Jianghu

2023, 51(6): 36-44. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.005

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As a kind of radar passive jamming equipment， shipborne radio frequency （RF） corner reflector system has been widely installed in the major naval warships of various countries. In order to support the systematic development of Chinese shipborne corner reflector equipment and accelerate the technological innovation of radar-guided anti-ship missiles， the research status and development concept of the two types of corner reflector equipment are reviewed： floating type and airborne type. On this basis， four development trends of shipborne corner reflectors are analyzed and summarized， including launch integration， launch automation， decoy multifunction， and decoy maneuverability.

Participation of Civilian High-Tech Companies in Russian-Ukrainian Conflict

Wenjuan GUO, Haifeng LING, Weixiong HE

2023, 51(6): 45-51. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.006

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Civil high-tech companies， as an important technical support force， have participated in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine on a large scale. In combat missions such as precision strikes， situation investigation and supervision， command and control， and public opinion， they are closely integrated with different levels of forces and combat operations， showing a strong influence on the battlefield situation and the direction of war. The main civil high-tech companies that fought against Russia in the conflict are comprehensively sorted out. Their combat efficiency in modern war is studied from four aspects of the physical domain， information domain， cognitive domain， and social domain. Finally， the characteristics of their participation in the war are analyzed， and the countermeasures and suggestions of China are put forward.

Technology Research on Dynamic Ontology Construction for Military Field

Kanjing LI, Jianjun HU, Di WU, Dongxue LI, Yafeng YE

2023, 51(6): 52-61. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.007

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With the explosive growth of military data， the traditional static ontology based on expert knowledge has many disadvantages， such as strong subjective dependence on experts， poor portability， and poor learning ability on ontology. Which can no longer dynamically adapt to data changes and automatically update large-scale knowledge graphs. For military information applications， this paper proposes a dynamic ontology construction technique for the military field. The update of the ontology concept is completed through four parts： initial ontology design， data mapping， formal background merging， and ontology update. The technique can automatically update the ontology model with the change of information， facilitating the integration of multi-source heterogeneous data and the construction of knowledge graphs. Finally， taking the Russia-Ukraine conflict knowledge graph as a case study， the dynamic ontology technique can effectively discover new event types and related elements， realizing the ontology updated and fusion of multi-source heterogeneous data and the inference of military activity patterns based on the knowledge graph.

Application Mode and Key Technologies of Mentor-Led Intelligent Command Decision-Making

Xin JIN

2023, 51(6): 62-68. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.008

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There is an increasingly urgent demand for intelligent command decision-making （CDM）， while recent achievements in China and abroad in military intelligence rarely touch this field. Lack of data， knowledge， and models has hindered the development of intelligence in this field. Based on the understanding of domain problems， the mentor-led idea of intelligent development in the field of command decision-making is innovatively put forward. According to the development of cutting-edge technologies such as knowledge graphs， reinforcement learning， and large-scale language models in recent years， two sets of mentor-led command decision-making application modes are constructed， namely “apprentice-support knowledge extraction” and “mentor-led wargaming”. In addition， the key technologies that need to be broken through are pointed out， which has certain guiding significance for breakthroughs in intelligent command decision-making.

Development and Enlightenment of the U.S. Navigation Warfare

Jie XIN, Li LIU, Jinglei GUO, Shuanglin HUANG

2023, 51(6): 69-76. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.009

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With the continuous development and evolution of the concept of navigation warfare， the United States continues to promote the construction of navigation countermeasure systems and the transformation of command systems， seeking asymmetric advantages of positioning， navigation， and timing （PNT） information. The development of the U.S. navigation countermeasure system is studied from the aspects of command function system construction， navigation countermeasure ability improvement， exercise and training foundation construction， and actual navigation countermeasure combat. The offensive and defensive countermeasure capabilities based on the satellite navigation system are analyzed. While accelerating the construction of the GPS-based PNT system， the United States has continuously combined serial exercises and actual combat operations to enhance the offensive and defensive capabilities of navigation warfare， which should arouse great attention of China.

Research on Line-of-Sight Angular Rate Extraction of Strapdown Optical Seekers

Jia'nan WANG, Xiaole PENG, Zhihao WANG, Zheng TAN

2023, 51(6): 77-86. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.010

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With the rapid development of the global military， missiles play an increasingly important role in modern war. The realization of precise guidance for missiles has become an important problem to be solved at present， and the optical seeker is an important equipment to realize precise guidance. The traditional gimbal optical seeker has many disadvantages such as large volume， high cost， and complex structure， so the strapdown optical seeker appears. Although the strapdown optical seeker can effectively solve the problems above， its detector is fixed on the missile. In addition， there are problems such as high noise， attitude coupling， and phase matching， and the strapdown optical seeker requires high filtering/estimation algorithms. In this paper， the principle， composition， and application background of strapdown optical seekers are introduced， combed， and summarized. Through the simulation of the estimation effect of adaptive unscented Kalman filter and unscented Kalman filter， it is found that the adaptive unscented Kalman filter has higher accuracy. Finally， the future development in this field is prospected.

Research on Air Combat Maneuver Decision-Making of UAVs Based on Path-Game Hybrid Strategy

Hanwen ZHANG, Xusheng GAN, Xiaolong WEI, Rongjia TONG

2023, 51(6): 87-96. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.011

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In view of the autonomous air combat maneuver decision-making problem of unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs）， a decision-making algorithm based on a path-game hybrid strategy is designed. Firstly， according to the principle that horizontal maneuver and vertical maneuver can be decoupled in the flight control process of UAVs， a decoupled autonomous decision-making mechanism is proposed， which uses path planning to realize horizontal maneuver decision-making and adopts game theory to realize vertical maneuver decision-making. In order to improve the flexibility of the decision-making environment， a dynamic grid environment is designed， which can adaptively adjust the planning range and resolution. The path planning model is designed based on Q-learning （QL） algorithm， and the algorithm is improved by using a double Q-table learning mechanism， which effectively improves the quality of path planning. Based on the Nash equilibrium theory， the vertical maneuver algorithm model is constructed， and the cost calculation function is designed according to different situation environments. Thus， the vertical maneuver decision-making of UAVs is realized. Finally， the simulation of a one-to-one air combat confrontation scenario verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm. Compared with the traditional maneuver decision-making based on three-dimensional planning space， the proposed algorithm can effectively shorten the planning time and improve the planning quality.

Cyberspace Defense Capability Assessment Based on TOPSIS-Grey Association Analysis

Kun WANG, Yuchen ZHANG, Shuqin DONG, Jiang WU

2023, 51(6): 97-104. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.012

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Attack and defense are dialectical unity， and their mutual transformation is a direct embodiment of the combat process. In network attack and defense， the offense usually dominates while the defense is in a relatively weak position， and the idea of dynamic defense is valued. By combing and analyzing the dynamic defense of cyberspace， the factors affecting the defense capability of cyberspace are obtained， and a set of cyberspace defense index systems based on dynamic empowerment is constructed. To eliminate the interference of human preference on the results， the entropy weight method is adopted to simplify the index set， and the comprehensive weight of each index is weighted. The TOPSIS（technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution）-gray correlation analysis method is applied to construct an evaluation model to realize the evaluation of cyberspace defense capability， and the effectiveness and feasibility of the evaluation model are proved by specific cases.

An Anti-Main Lobe Deceptive Jamming Method with Frequency Diverse Array

Jihong YAN, Shunxiang WANG, Yuhuan JU, Jinghuai XIAO, Juelin LUO, Xu FENG

2023, 51(6): 105-111. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.013

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The anti-main lobe deceptive jamming method enables the radar to adopt the frequency diverse array （FDA） mode during signal transmitting and the phased array （PA） mode during signal receiving. In view of this， a jamming nulling method is studied in this paper. When the main lobe of the transmitting antenna pattern of the FDA is aligned with the position of the target to be identified， other targets are located at the nulls of the pattern. As a result， the problem of interference on radar can be solved when the target is located on the higher sidelobe of the array pattern in the case that the FDA is used for target identification. The computer simulation results prove that the jamming nulling method used in this paper is feasible and effective.

A Frequency-Phase Hybrid Coded Waveform Design for MIMO Radar

Zhenggong LIAO, yuan REN, Jingzhang BI

2023, 51(6): 112-122. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.014

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To address the problems of narrow frequency band and low distance resolution of conventional single carrier frequency sub-pulse phase coded signals in the multiple input multiple output （MIMO） radar， as well as the problem of “gating lobe” in the fuzzy function of linear frequency modulation （LFM）-phase coded signals， a design method for orthogonal waveform sets of LFM-phase coded mixed waveform based on time-frequency distribution of permutation matrix （Perm-LFM-PC， PLP） is proposed. The autocorrelation sidelobe peak （ASP） and cross-correlation peak （CP） of PLP waveforms are increased due to the introduction of permutation sequence FM code by the time-frequency distribution modulation method of the permutation matrix. Therefore， a PLP waveform set optimization model is developed in this paper with the sum of ASP and CP as the cost function， and proposes a multiple swarm optimization genetic algorithm （MSO-GA） is proposed to jointly optimize the FM coding sequence and the phase coding sequence. The simulation results show that the PLP waveform has the advantages of easy implementation of broad frequency band and peg-like fuzzy functions， and the ASP and CP of the algorithm-optimized PLP waveform set are lower and suitable for MIMO radar systems.

Research on Jamming Mechanism of Interferometer

Lei WANG, Hongxun WANG, Xinmiao LIN, Honglei WANG, Kan CHEN, Tao MENG

2023, 51(6): 123-132. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.015

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Multi-baseline interferometer （MBI） receiver is a kind of important sensor for electronic reconnaissance， which is widely used in radio direction finding （RDF） with the advantages of high accuracy of angle measurement and fast processing speed. A jamming strategy of multiple overlapping signals is proposed according to the working principle of the interferometer direction finding， and the jamming mechanism of multiple signals on interferometer direction finding is studied. Modeling and simulation are carried out to evaluate the jamming strategy. The simulation results show that the multiple overlapping signals can significantly jam the interferometer direction finding and make the interferometer fail to obtain the true direction of the radio frequency （RF） target and output the wrong indication of simultaneous arrival signals at the same time.

Coupling Coordination Analysis of Equipment Quality Chain Based on SDS-Coupling Coordination Degree Model

Shan WANG, Hua ZHANG, Haowen SONG, Xiao CHEN

2023, 51(6): 133-145. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.016

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The key to promoting the high-quality development of equipment is to strengthen the joint force of cross-organizational quality management between the military and local systems. Therefore， the coupling coordination relationship between them is studied in this paper. Since the traditional coupling coordination model only calculates the overall effectiveness of each indicator in the subsystem and ignores the impact of the interaction between indicators and between indicators and subsystems on the overall coupling effect， the method of combining the sustainable development system （SDS） coordinated development model with the coupling coordination model is adopted. When the coupling degree is calculated， the overall impact of other subsystems on each subsystem index is included， and the overall coupling coordination degree is measured more scientifically and comprehensively. Finally， the feasibility of this method is verified through an example.

Evaluation Method of Equipment Maintenance Support Capability Based on Improved PSR Theory

Tao GAO, Yingjun ZHAO, Tong HUANG

2023, 51(6): 146-154. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.017

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To overcome the influence of subjectivity in the evaluation， the pressure-state-response （PSR） theory is introduced into the evaluation index system of the military-civilian integrated equipment maintenance support capability， and the evaluation index system is constrained by the framework of logical correlation. Based on the theory of network analysis， the correlation network model of the evaluation index system is constructed， and the index weighting method based on the mutual information model is proposed. In addition， the logical correlation of the evaluation index system is tested by the hierarchical clustering method. According to the dimensional characteristics of the evaluation index， the -PSR evaluation model is built. Finally， based on a certain type of equipment maintenance support test score table， an example analysis of equipment maintenance support capability evaluation method based on the improved PSR theory is carried out. The results show that the evaluation index system based on the operation logic of equipment maintenance support has a clear logical correlation. The index weighting method of the mutual information model reduces the influence of subjective weighting. The equipment maintenance support capability -PSR evaluation model based on the improved PSR theory is feasible.

Fast Search of Quantum Measurement System Parameters via Particle Swarm Optimization

Shiqiao DU, Guilan LI, Jun KOU, He HAO, Tong WU, Guoqing QIN, Hongwei GAO

2023, 51(6): 155-161. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2023.06.018

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The quantum measurement system based on Rydberg atoms has subversive advantages over traditional measurement methods and is an important development direction in the field of quantum detection. However， quantum measurement systems need to optimize multiple experimental parameters to improve performance. It is usually difficult to use the direct optimization method of full-space parameter scanning in theory and experiment. By building a theoretical model of the quantum measurement system and applying the particle swarm optimization algorithm to the parameter optimization of the model， this paper can quickly solve the global optimal parameters of the system. The computational complexity is reduced by more than one order of magnitude compared with that of the traditional method. In principle， the particle swarm algorithm can be applied to any other quantum measurement system to guide the system to quickly improve performance and promote the practical process.

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