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Current Situation and Development Trends and Operational Scenarios of the “Loyal Wingman” Peng YU, Qunshuo WEI, Wei LIU, Meng LI Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 23-31.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.003 Abstract （1627）   HTML （67）    PDF （2858KB）（2316）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years， the “Loyal Wingman”， which operates manned and unmanned aerial vehicles in collaboration， has attracted much attention due to its potential to subvert traditional air combat modes. This paper studies the progress of the “Loyal Wingman” project in the United States， Russia， Australia and some other countries， and predicts its future development trends. Based on this， and combined with penetrating counter air combat scenarios such as situational awareness， electronic countermeasures， distributed killing， soft penetration and hard penetration， we thoroughly analyzed the operational requirements， operational processes， and operational application modes of the “Loyal Wingman” in system of systems confrontation. which can provide reference for the research of offensive and defensive system of systems confrontation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Unmanned Swarm Operations Development for Maritime Battlefields Kexiang WANG, Ye LU, Yincheng LI, Shuo CHEN, Chen FEI Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 11-22.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.002 Abstract （1504）   HTML （85）    PDF （2353KB）（3025）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology， unmanned systems are increasingly applied in the military domain， particularly in maritime operations， becoming a novel mode of warfare. This paper reviews the domestic and international research progress of unmanned swarm combat technology in maritime battlefields， analyzing the latest achievements by various countries and exploring its practical applications in maritime operations. It proposes a framework for unmanned swarm combat systems tailored to maritime battlefields， encompassing multiple layers such as combat platforms， communication networks， mission applications， and command and control. Core functional tasks， including reconnaissance and surveillance as well as firepower strikes， are discussed in depth. Furthermore， the paper examines evaluation metrics， influencing factors， and existing challenges in unmanned swarm combat on the maritime battlefield. It forecasts future development trends in unmanned swarm combat technology for maritime battlefields， focusing on the potential and challenges in technology integration， diversification of combat styles， and cost-effectiveness. The aim is to provide theoretical support and technical references for advancing the application of unmanned swarm technology in maritime battlefields. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Technological Development and Trends of Foreign Shipboard Missile Launchers Qiang GUO, Zhiyan ZHANG, Jian LI, Huiguo QIN, Xueming PENG Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 1-12.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.001 Abstract （1164）   HTML （620）    PDF （5804KB）（4211）       Knowledge map    Save Shipboard missile launching systems have become the primary weaponry systems for modern naval vessels. Their technological level， structural configuration， and production costs directly impact the operational effectiveness， technical performance， and combat paradigms of entire shipborne systems. This paper presents the evolutionary process of technological iterations in international shipborne missile launch systems， outlines the technical characteristics， advantages， and limitations of typical launch systems， and comprehensively discusses the advantages， applications， and current developmental status of modular launch systems in foreign naval surface launch technologies. Based on future combat paradigms， missile launch requirements， and technological trends， the paper analyzes the key development directions and trends for shipboard missile launch systems， particularly modular systems， in the evolution of surface launching technologies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-objective Strike Task Allocation for UAV Swarms Based on MR-WPA Chen FEI, Liang ZHAO, Yincheng LI, Shuquan WANG, Zhengyu DUAN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.001 Abstract （1126）   HTML （193）    PDF （1610KB）（868）       Knowledge map    Save Unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） are widely applied across various fields due to their high mobility and strong coupling capabilities. In the military domain， multi-objective task allocation for UAV swarms holds critical significance. Based on the current research status and latest advancements in UAV task allocation， this paper addresses the limitations of traditional algorithms， such as insufficient robustness， slow convergence， and susceptibility to local optima in complex missions—by proposing an improved wolf pack algorithm （IWPA） based on a multi-rule mechanism. An optimization model is constructed with the objective of maximizing strike effectiveness， incorporating factors such as enemy target distance， attack threat， and target value.Simulation results demonstrate that， compared to other heuristic algorithms， the proposed method achieves faster optimization speed and superior performance， indicating broad application prospects. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of Path Error for Quadcopter Based on BOA-BP Neural Network Shuwei WANG, Jia LI, Jian FENG, Caibin YUE Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 74-81.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.009 Abstract （1018）   HTML （8）    PDF （1339KB）（152）       Knowledge map    Save An optimization method for BP neural networks based on the butterfly optimization algorithm （BOA） is proposed to address the issue of inaccurate path planning for quadcopters in multi-obstacle environments. The points of the quadcopter along the designated path are used as training samples for the neural network， and the BOA-BP algorithm is employed to train the network to determine the optimal flight path. The simulation results show that the proposed BOA-BP model effectively reduces the path error of the quadcopter compared to the traditional BOA algorithm， with the root mean square error decreasing from 1.60% to 0.003%. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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State Observer-Based Formation Maneuvering Control of Unmanned Aircraft Swarms Mi WU, Xianqiao CHEN, Weiwen SHEN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 112-119.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.013 Abstract （881）   HTML （8）    PDF （1238KB）（129）       Knowledge map    Save We address the problem of formation maneuvering control of unmanned aircraft swarm systems with leader-follower structure， and design distributed formation controllers based on bearing information， so as to realize the translation and rotation maneuver control of unmanned aircraft swarms. To overcome the limitations of existing formation control methods based on bearing information when handling time-varying bearing formation， we design a state observer. This observer estimates the desired positions and velocities of the UAVs using relative bearing information from neighboring UAVs and the position and velocity information of the leader. A backstepping controller is designed based on the desired velocities to achieve the maneuver control of the formation system. The estimation error of the observer and the stability of the controller are proven using the Lyapunov method. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is validated through simulations involving translation and rotation maneuvers. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Prograde and Retrograde Orbit Interception Based on the Adjoint Method Yadong CHEN, Bo LÜ, Tianzhu REN, Junhui LIU Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 82-91.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.007 Abstract （858）   HTML （44）    PDF （2397KB）（67）       Knowledge map    Save In view of the effect of different prograde and retrograde rendezvous modes on miss distance， the vehicle terminal guidance rendezvous process is modeled and analyzed based on the theory of adjoint method. The original model of the terminal guidance problem is established， and the adjoint model of the problem is established based on the adjoint method. Normalized analytical expressions for the influence of factors such as target maneuver and initial heading error on miss distance were obtained. Based on the above theoretical analysis， the characteristics of reverse orbit head-on rendezvous， pursuit following orbit rendezvous and forward following orbit rendezvous are summarized. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Target Assignment and Fire Scheduling Method for Unmanned Combat Systems Peilin LI, Jie GUO, Xifeng CHEN, Yangyang WAN, Shengjing TANG Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 69-81.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.006 Abstract （790）   HTML （52）    PDF （3878KB）（96）       Knowledge map    Save To address the real-time and efficiency requirements for multi-target cooperative interception by unmanned combat systems in dynamic battlefield scenarios， this paper proposes a greedy target assignment and fire scheduling method based on dynamic time window （GTAFS-DTW）. By constructing a relative motion model between combat units and targets， the proposed method incorporates engagement distance constraints， task execution constraints， and target maneuver characteristics. a dynamic time window screening mechanism is designed with the optimization objective of minimizing engagement time and impact time difference. On this basis， a hierarchical greedy strategy is adopted to prioritize unit-target pairs with overlapping feasible engagement intervals， and temporal cooperative optimization is achieved through iterative adjustment of window boundaries and fire scheduling. Simulation results demonstrate that GTAFS-DTW effectively reduces impact time deviation to within 0.5 s in both lateral and longitudinal queue scenarios compared with traditional discrete particle swarm optimization （DPSO）， significantly enhancing computational efficiency and satisfying real-time optimization requirements. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Image Restoration Methods Based on Lucky Imaging Pin LÜ, Yiquan WU Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 13-33.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.002 Abstract （725）   HTML （101）    PDF （3369KB）（150）       Knowledge map    Save Lucky imaging constitutes a pivotal approach for restoring turbulence-degraded imagery. Recent advances have explored method optimizations across diverse application scenarios. However， existing reviews published years ago do not cover breakthroughs from the past decade. This study conducts a thorough investigation of cutting-edge algorithms， first introducing classical methodologies and outlining persistent challenges. We then elaborate on the developments and applications through three dimensions： real-time implementation， multi-target adaptability， and integration with complementary image processing techniques. A dedicated turbulence dataset is released alongside systematic analysis of benchmark datasets， evaluation metrics， and comparative performance of leading methods. Scenario-specific applicability and inherent limitations are analyzed， culminating in six future trajectories： GPU-edge heterogeneous computing， dynamic turbulence modeling with non-stationary compensation， data-driven end-to-end fusion， multi-modal cross-scale restoration， event-camera-based dynamic imaging， and standardized evaluation frameworks with open-source ecosystems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Target Association Method for IFF Based on Evidence Theory Shanyong YAN Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 61-68.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.005 Abstract （722）   HTML （56）    PDF （1795KB）（89）       Knowledge map    Save To address the problem of association between IFF targets and radar targets in scenarios dense target scenarios， an association method based on evidence theory is proposed. A positional correlation model is established. Evidence and its basic probability assignment （BPA） are generated based on the azimuth and range measurement capabilities of the radar and IFF interrogator， as well as data from multiple measurements. Evidence derived from multiple measurements of the same target is combined using the Dempster rule to construct a combined evidence set. The association of all targets is completed sequentially based on a maximum value search within the combined evidence set. The simulation results demonstrate that， the proposed method achieves higher association accuracy than the nearest neighbor （NN） method at equivalent time complexity. Furthermore， compared to the Kuhn-Munkres （KM） algorithm， the proposed method achieves higher accuracy in most dense target scenarios with lower time complexity. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Threat Assessment of Penetrating Counter Air Platforms Based on Combination Weighting TOPSIS Menggao TAO, Bingqie WANG, Qingxin ZHANG, Wenjie WEI, Jide TANG, Wensi HE Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 48-60.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.004 Abstract （717）   HTML （71）    PDF （962KB）（107）       Knowledge map    Save To address the multidimensional threats posed by the U.S. air force's penetrating counter air （PCA） operational system to China's air defense security， this study resolves the evaluation bias caused by the imbalance between subjective and objective weights in traditional threat assessment methods by innovatively constructing a “combined weighting TOPSIS” evaluation model. An assessment framework encompassing seven core metrics—including collaborative command and control effectiveness， electromagnetic suppression capability， and fire strike effectiveness—is established based on PCA operational characteristics. Subsequently， the entropy weight method is employed to quantify objective weights for platform intrinsic attributes， while the eigenvector method is utilized to derive subjective weights reflecting tactical intent. A game theory-based deviation minimization algorithm is introduced to achieve Nash equilibrium optimization of the combined subjective-objective weights. PCA platform threat assessment model is developed using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution （TOPSIS）， enabling the prioritization of PCA platform threats. Case simulation results validate the effectiveness of this threat assessment methodology， which provides a reference framework for evaluating incoming PCA platform threats in counter-penetration operations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of Military Simulation Experiment Technology Zhen ZHAO, Xiaolin ZHAO, Maolin GAO, Jie MIN, Weikang CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 34-47.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.003 Abstract （709）   HTML （81）    PDF （2667KB）（200）       Knowledge map    Save Currently， countries worldwide attach great importance to the development and application of military simulation experiment technology， which plays a key role in improving combat capability， supporting equipment demonstration， promoting the innovation of tactics and methods， optimizing joint operation processes， and supporting technology research， development， and verification. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of military simulation experiment technology. It first elucidates the core concepts， logical processes， and the close connections among model classifications. Then， starting from the top-level architecture of military simulation software， it deeply analyzes mainstream simulation engines， frameworks， and typical systems to demonstrate their support for military simulation experiment technology. Finally， it explores the application prospects of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and the Metaverse in military simulation， comprehensively presenting the overall architecture and development trajectory of military simulation experiment technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Method for Rapid Acquiring and Tracking Hypersonic Cooperative Targets Jingxiao LI, Gege TIAN, Guanghui XU, Chenglu ZHAO, Jing LUO Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 92-99.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.008 Abstract （704）   HTML （29）    PDF （3497KB）（56）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the urgent requirements of guidance radar to guide hypersonic weapons to intercept incoming targets in fiercely air-to-ground military confrontation， rapid acquisition and tracking technologies are studied. There are several problems need to be solved： one is the RCS of hypersonic missiles/shells is small that not easy to acquire， the second is the hypersonic missiles/shells flight speed is high and has a wide speed distribution that difficult to detect and track. The problems are solved from three aspects： radar system design， waveform design and tracking model design. Through the design of radar operating system based on narrowband signal processing and PD processing， the influence of range migration is reduced， and the detectability of dim target under strong clutter background is improved. Through the design of guidance waveform based on double PRF（pulse repetition frequency） sets， the velocity ambiguity in Doppler is resolved. Through the design of search interception screen based on prior information and the design of taking velocity into track initiation and track correlation model， the rapid acquisition and stable tracking of hypersonic cooperative targets are realized. The effectiveness of the proposed model is fully verified in the semi-physical simulation test. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Dynamic Construction Strategy of Anti-UAV Awarm Kill Chain Yong BAO, Shuai CHENG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (4): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.001 Abstract （675）   HTML （142）    PDF （1053KB）（497）       Knowledge map    Save The rapid development of drone swarm technology poses unprecedented challenges to modern air defence systems due to its decentralized and autonomous collaborative features. This paper analyzes the key technologies of drone swarms and， in response to their advantages in military applications， proposes an innovative strategy for countering drone swarms based on the dynamic construction of the kill chain. This study redefines the concept of the kill chain， emphasizing its importance in enhancing tactical flexibility， promoting the integration of technological innovation， and forming new combat concepts. The proposed strategy includes multi-domain perception， distributed command and control， resource optimization， and interception technology innovation. The aim is to improve the adaptability and response speed of defense systems against the threat of drone swarms. Combined with the land battlefield environment， this paper designs the implementation approaches for each strategy， providing a new perspective and theoretical support for future anti-drone swarm operations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Impact of Aircraft Kinematic State on Radar Detection Probability Kunkun LI, Haiqing LUO, Zijing LIU, Tianxiang LIU Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 100-109.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.009 Abstract （596）   HTML （28）    PDF （1991KB）（44）       Knowledge map    Save Maintaining a low detection probability by defense radars in vital areas is a fundamental requirement for aircraft route planning during aerial surveys. This necessitates considering and assessing the variations in radar detection probability caused by the kinematic state uncertainty of the aircraft itself. To this end， analysis method based on unscented transformation （UT） is proposed to evaluate the impact of aircraft kinematic state uncertainty on detection probability. Relevant models regarding aircraft detection by radar are presented. The UT method is introduced to establish an process for the propagation of aircraft kinematic state （involving position， and attitude） uncertainty and their impact on radar detection probability. A simulation experiment scenario is designed wherein an aerial survey aircraft is detected by a single-pulse defense radar. The Monte Carlo method is employed to verify the high analysis accuracy of the UT method. Additionally， the patterns regarding how varying degrees of aircraft kinematic state uncertainty affect detection probability are analyzed. Furthermore， comparisons with the traditional linear covariance analysis method demonstrate that the UT method possesses both simplicity and high computational efficiency. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of UAV Defense System of Urban Low-Altitude Airspace Chuan LI, Yan HAO, Xinxing FENG, Na MA, Changzheng MA, Da LIU, Shixue YANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (6): 12-20.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.002 Abstract （529）   HTML （46）    PDF （946KB）（1004）       Knowledge map    Save Unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） has played an increasingly important role in recent military conflicts due to its low cost and high flexibility. This attracts wide attention from countries around the world. The number of “black flights” of UAVs in China is increasing year by year， which directly reflects the challenges of the prevention and control of low-altitude airspace UAVs. The construction of urban low-altitude airspace anti-UAV is worthy of further research. As for the urban low-altitude airspace anti-UAV problem， the possible UAV threats were analyzed. The urban anti-UAV scenarios were classified， and the challenges and problems of the urban anti-UAV were explored. Additionally， five solutions to the urban anti-UAV system were proposed. In conclusion， for the construction of the urban anti-UAV system， the positive design oriented to the target and scenarios should be conducted， and special attention should be paid to the UAV target and environment characteristics， the anti-UAV point position design， the integration of the command and control system design with user operations， and the standardization of system integration. This can provide a reference for the urban anti-UAV system design. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Capabilities Analysis of US Ground-Based Midcourse Defense Interceptor Yuyan TANG, Zhongwen WANG, Jingru ZOU, Fei ZHAO Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (6): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.001 Abstract （520）   HTML （197）    PDF （4407KB）（1047）       Knowledge map    Save The development of ground-based midcourse defense interceptor with its exo-atmospheric kill vehicle and booster is researched systematically. The flight test of ground-based interceptor and the development plan of next-generation interceptor are described. The population parameters and boost engine parameters of ground-based interceptor are anti-designed based on its public information. The shoot table and spatiotemporal characteristics and intercept airspace of two-level and three-level ground-based interceptor are simulated. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and Enlightenment of UAV in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict Junbiao ZHANG, Jing WU, Fei ZHAO, Li FANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (6): 37-45.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.005 Abstract （508）   HTML （45）    PDF （3148KB）（239）       Knowledge map    Save The Russia-Ukraine conflict has witnessed new application styles of unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） such as “order strike”， “space-based star chain interconnection”， and “low-cost large-scale application”， which create classic cases of “the smaller defeats the bigger”. The conflict provides a “testing ground” for the systematic application of UAVs in modern warfare. Based on the open source intelligence information， this paper systematically combs the UAV equipment of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Based on typical UAV combat cases， this paper analyzes the new characteristics and styles of UAV operation application in the process of situational awareness， battlefield communication， command and control， and strike confrontation. From the perspective of equipment construction， this paper proposes countermeasures and suggestions for high-cost-effectiveness-ratio defense of UAVs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and Analysis on the Construction and Development of Air and Missile Defense Battle Kill Chains/Web Jin ZHANG, Gang WANG, Xiangke GUO, Tengda LI, Xiangyu LIU, Runyu HUANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (4): 18-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.003 Abstract （485）   HTML （27）    PDF （1169KB）（515）       Knowledge map    Save The construction of an air and missile defense chain/web is an important element in promoting the gradual completion of the national integrated air and space defense system. The deepening application of artificial intelligence， military internet of things， big data and other emerging technologies in the field of air and missile defense significantly improves the early warning， detection， information processing and command and decision-making capabilities of the air and space defense system，， and also provides more possibilities for the construction and development of intelligent air and missile defense and kill web of“instantaneous response and dynamic reconfiguration”.This paper introduces the development， connotation and characteristics of the concept of air and missile defense web， building the system support structure and analyzing and summarizing the web's key technical capabilities. It also provides relevant guidance and analyzes the web's future development trends， which will inform subsequent research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Development of Electromagnetic Pulse Weapons in Foreign Armies Yanan LI, Kai WANG, Dejun LIU, Zhiliang TAN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (5): 39-48.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.005 Abstract （474）   HTML （23）    PDF （3745KB）（236）       Knowledge map    Save As new concept weapons， electromagnetic pulse weapons are characterized by fast attack speed， wide coverage range， high effectiveness-cost ratio， and flexible combat use. They have been the weapon equipment that countries have been committed to researching. This article analyzed the current research status of electromagnetic pulse attack technology and reviewed the current research work on electromagnetic pulse weapons carried out by foreign armies from the perspectives of electromagnetic attack and battlefield defense. It also provided prospects on the research focus and development trends of electromagnetic pulse weapons. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics