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Analysis of Israeli Iron Dome Air Defense System Performance and Operation Jiachuan ZHAO, Zhangyi YAO, Guoliang CHEN, Boya LI, Tianyi JIN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 19-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.002 Abstract （1949）   HTML （37）    PDF （2463KB）（664）       Knowledge map    Save The development of the Israeli Iron Dome air defense system is reviewed， and based on a brief introduction to the composition and functional characteristics of the system， an analysis of the Tamir missile's general scheme， aerodynamic characteristics， detection and guidance， and warhead design scheme is highlighted.By counting the operation of Iron Dome， the system effectiveness is analyzed and the interception capability of a battery for rocket barrage is given. On the basis of the development path of Iron Dome， the technical trend of foreign short-range air defense systems is summarized. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current Situation and Development Trends and Operational Scenarios of the “Loyal Wingman” Peng YU, Qunshuo WEI, Wei LIU, Meng LI Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 23-31.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.003 Abstract （1233）   HTML （38）    PDF （2858KB）（1139）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years， the “Loyal Wingman”， which operates manned and unmanned aerial vehicles in collaboration， has attracted much attention due to its potential to subvert traditional air combat modes. This paper studies the progress of the “Loyal Wingman” project in the United States， Russia， Australia and some other countries， and predicts its future development trends. Based on this， and combined with penetrating counter air combat scenarios such as situational awareness， electronic countermeasures， distributed killing， soft penetration and hard penetration， we thoroughly analyzed the operational requirements， operational processes， and operational application modes of the “Loyal Wingman” in system of systems confrontation. which can provide reference for the research of offensive and defensive system of systems confrontation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Construction Method of Digital Parallel Battlefield System Based on Digital Twin Huifang GAO, Guoxian GU, Qingjian HOU, Yan ZHOU, Liangliang WANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 82-90.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.009 Abstract （1182）   HTML （20）    PDF （1436KB）（442）       Knowledge map    Save To meet the demand of future information warfare， it is of great significance to build a digital parallel battlefield system for analyzing the actual battlefield system. Therefore， based on the related technologies of parallel system and digital twin， the ACP method of artificial system， computational experiment and parallel execution is used in this study， and the construction idea of digital parallel battlefield system is proposed. The construction process of artificial battlefield is introduced in detail from the aspects of battlefield entity， service， twin data and twins. The parallel execution flow of actual battlefield and artificial battlefield is analyzed. The method proposed in this study can provide the basis for commanders to design the combat plans， make the combat plans， organize the combat cooperation， and command and control the battle situation more quickly and accurately. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Combat Effectiveness of Anti-UAV Swarm System Based on Improved TOPSIS Method Runze WU, Weishi PENG, Yixuan MA Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (1): 63-72.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.01.007 Abstract （1132）   HTML （11）    PDF （1430KB）（794）       Knowledge map    Save Unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） swarm tactics have emerged in recent years as a new approach to both attack and defense， capable of altering the course of warfare. However， limited research exists on evaluating the operational effectiveness of anti-UAV swarm systems， and commonly used evaluation methods have significant limitations. To address this， a method is proposed for evaluating the combat effectiveness of anti-UAV swarm systems by combining fuzzy analytic hierarchy process （FAHP） and criteria importance through intercriteria correlation （CRITIC） methods to determine weightings， followed by the application of an improved TOPSIS method. First， an evaluation index system for the combat effectiveness of anti-UAV swarm systems is developed using the OODA loop （observe， orient， decide， act）， a decision-making framework. Second， the FAHP-CRITIC method calculates the weightings of the evaluation indices. Third， the improved TOPSIS method is used to rank and optimize the effectiveness values of different schemes. Finally， the proposed evaluation method’s correctness and rationality are validated using control experimental data. A more scientific approach for evaluating the combat effectiveness of anti-UAV swarm systems is provided. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Unmanned Swarm Operations Development for Maritime Battlefields Kexiang WANG, Ye LU, Yincheng LI, Shuo CHEN, Chen FEI Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 11-22.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.002 Abstract （1046）   HTML （27）    PDF （2353KB）（1566）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology， unmanned systems are increasingly applied in the military domain， particularly in maritime operations， becoming a novel mode of warfare. This paper reviews the domestic and international research progress of unmanned swarm combat technology in maritime battlefields， analyzing the latest achievements by various countries and exploring its practical applications in maritime operations. It proposes a framework for unmanned swarm combat systems tailored to maritime battlefields， encompassing multiple layers such as combat platforms， communication networks， mission applications， and command and control. Core functional tasks， including reconnaissance and surveillance as well as firepower strikes， are discussed in depth. Furthermore， the paper examines evaluation metrics， influencing factors， and existing challenges in unmanned swarm combat on the maritime battlefield. It forecasts future development trends in unmanned swarm combat technology for maritime battlefields， focusing on the potential and challenges in technology integration， diversification of combat styles， and cost-effectiveness. The aim is to provide theoretical support and technical references for advancing the application of unmanned swarm technology in maritime battlefields. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Phase Transition Control Method for UAV Swarm Based on Birds’ Behaviors Haonan QIU, Ming HE, Wei HAN, Xin XU, Haotian CHEN, Yiran WEI Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (1): 11-22.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.01.002 Abstract （1044）   HTML （47）    PDF （3033KB）（303）       Knowledge map    Save UAV swarm has emerged as a crucial new combat force in information warfare. To tackle the challenges of collective shape control in UAV swarms driven by multiple tasks， a phase transition control method for UAV swarms inspired by birds’ behavior is proposed. Firstly， the behavioral patterns of bird flocks are analyzed， and the characteristics of collective defense behavior in bird flocks exemplified by sparrows are summarized. Then， a phase transition control model for UAV swarms based on four rules （four-rules phase transition model， FRPT） is built by introducing centripetal/centrifugal dual force and establishing “mutation” interaction rules. Next， with control parameters and order parameters defined and key control parameters regulated， the phase transition control of UAV swarm is achieved and the effectiveness of the proposed method is experimentally proved. Finally， through the optimal parameter solving of swarm intelligence optimization algorithms， the formation period of ordered phases is shortened by nearly 70%， which validates the optimization feasibility of the proposed method.The method is anticipated to be extensively applied in tasks such as reconnaissance and emergency rescue missions for UAV swarm perception. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trajectory Planning for UAV Swarm Target Strikes in Urban Environments Chen FEI, Liang ZHAO, Yongliang HE, Yincheng LI, Song XU Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.01.001 Abstract （907）   HTML （638）    PDF （2274KB）（840）       Knowledge map    Save To solve the problem of UAV target strikes in complex urban environments， a UAV target strike method based on the electric eel foraging optimization （EEFO） algorithm is proposed. First， the method sets up two scenarios， namely the sparse environment without enemy defense and the dense environment with enemy defense， and designs corresponding constraint conditions and trajectory optimization cost functions to meet the flight needs in urban environments. Then， the EEFO algorithm is used to plan a reasonable target strike trajectory for the UAV. Finally， the flight trajectory and fitness value of the EEFO algorithm are obtained and compared with those of the other five algorithms： SO， SCA， WOA， MFO， and HHO. The experimental results show that in a sparse environment with enemy defense， the EEFO algorithm has higher trajectory planning efficiency and stability than the other five algorithms. It consumes the smallest trajectory cost and converges faster. In the dense environment with enemy defense， the EEFO algorithm has the optimal planned target strike trajectory and a better convergence trend of the consumed trajectory cost compared to the other five algorithms， with the highest task completion degree and better performance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Air Defense Deployment Method Based on NSGAⅡ Algorithm Chenchen HUANG, Suhang LI, Zilong GAO, Yuebing CHENG, Zining Zhao Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (1): 45-51.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.01.005 Abstract （892）   HTML （9）    PDF （1031KB）（231）       Knowledge map    Save Traditional air defense weapon deployment methods primarily focus on optimization models under predefined scenarios， which are inadequate for adapting to the multi-level， multi-path airstrike modes encountered in actual combat. A multi-objective optimization algorithm based on NSGA-II is proposed for a defense system consisting of multiple targets and various air defense weapons. The covering capability and penetration probability are defined as two objective functions， with constraints including battle formation and terrain. This algorithm effectively evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of regional air defense deployments， and addresses the problem of optimizing air defense weapons placement under specific conditions. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method enhances cover capability and improves the interception effectiveness in specific air situations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of Path Error for Quadcopter Based on BOA-BP Neural Network Shuwei WANG, Jia LI, Jian FENG, Caibin YUE Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 74-81.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.009 Abstract （857）   HTML （3）    PDF （1339KB）（44）       Knowledge map    Save An optimization method for BP neural networks based on the butterfly optimization algorithm （BOA） is proposed to address the issue of inaccurate path planning for quadcopters in multi-obstacle environments. The points of the quadcopter along the designated path are used as training samples for the neural network， and the BOA-BP algorithm is employed to train the network to determine the optimal flight path. The simulation results show that the proposed BOA-BP model effectively reduces the path error of the quadcopter compared to the traditional BOA algorithm， with the root mean square error decreasing from 1.60% to 0.003%. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-objective Strike Task Allocation for UAV Swarms Based on MR-WPA Chen FEI, Liang ZHAO, Yincheng LI, Shuquan WANG, Zhengyu DUAN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.001 Abstract （819）   HTML （177）    PDF （1610KB）（421）       Knowledge map    Save Unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） are widely applied across various fields due to their high mobility and strong coupling capabilities. In the military domain， multi-objective task allocation for UAV swarms holds critical significance. Based on the current research status and latest advancements in UAV task allocation， this paper addresses the limitations of traditional algorithms， such as insufficient robustness， slow convergence， and susceptibility to local optima in complex missions—by proposing an improved wolf pack algorithm （IWPA） based on a multi-rule mechanism. An optimization model is constructed with the objective of maximizing strike effectiveness， incorporating factors such as enemy target distance， attack threat， and target value.Simulation results demonstrate that， compared to other heuristic algorithms， the proposed method achieves faster optimization speed and superior performance， indicating broad application prospects. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Measurement Method of Time-Sensitive Target Kill Chain Close Time Gang LIU, Ming JI, Junyi XU Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 121-128.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.013 Abstract （815）   HTML （8）    PDF （1736KB）（245）       Knowledge map    Save The measurement of the close time is the key task of planning the time-sensitive target kill chain（TSTKC）. Ignoring the overlapping relationships among the steps of TSTKC， previous studies have adopted methods based on linear accumulation. This paper proposes a dynamic measurement method for the close time of TSTKC based on overlapping relationships additionally. Simulation results show that this method is more accurate， which is helpful for the command organization to capture more strike opportunities. The method also adapts to the changes of the window of vulnerability， which can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the construction， modelling and effectiveness evaluation of TSTKC. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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State Observer-Based Formation Maneuvering Control of Unmanned Aircraft Swarms Mi WU, Xianqiao CHEN, Weiwen SHEN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 112-119.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.013 Abstract （755）   HTML （5）    PDF （1238KB）（69）       Knowledge map    Save We address the problem of formation maneuvering control of unmanned aircraft swarm systems with leader-follower structure， and design distributed formation controllers based on bearing information， so as to realize the translation and rotation maneuver control of unmanned aircraft swarms. To overcome the limitations of existing formation control methods based on bearing information when handling time-varying bearing formation， we design a state observer. This observer estimates the desired positions and velocities of the UAVs using relative bearing information from neighboring UAVs and the position and velocity information of the leader. A backstepping controller is designed based on the desired velocities to achieve the maneuver control of the formation system. The estimation error of the observer and the stability of the controller are proven using the Lyapunov method. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is validated through simulations involving translation and rotation maneuvers. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Effectiveness Evaluation Method of Anti-missile Equipment System Based on GWO-DBN Haiyan ZHAO, Feng ZHOU, Wenjing YANG, Di LIU, Tianyuan YANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 45-54.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.005 Abstract （703）   HTML （7）    PDF （1882KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the problem that the existing efficiency prediction methods are difficult to reflect the actual effectiveness of anti-missile equipment system， a method of efficiency evaluation of anti-missile equipment system based on "data-driven + deep learning" is proposed. On the basis of a large number of experimental data extraction， disposal and analysis， we construct grey wolf optimization （GWO）-deep belief network（DBN） model to train the data， so as to obtain the nonlinear fitting of the anti-missile equipment system efficiency. We conduct a simulation experiment with an anti-missile system efficiency evaluation as an example， and the results show that the evaluation method is feasible and reliable. It can provide high reference value and significance for the demonstration and improvement of the anti-missile equipment system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress and Trend on Precision Airdrop System Tao JIANG, Hang LU, Deyu TIAN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (1): 37-44.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.01.004 Abstract （493）   HTML （20）    PDF （916KB）（971）       Knowledge map    Save The development of precision airdrop systems has fundamentally transformed military supply by optimizing the timing， location， and quantity of supplies. This advancement has significantly enhanced the deployment and support capacities of troops at both the strategic and tactical levels. By analyzing different types of precision airdrop systems， the research status and key technologies of these systems， both domestically and internationally， are summarized. In addition， the emerging research trends in the key technologies that impact the supply capabilities of precision airdrop systems are discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Progress of Foreign Camouflage Equipment for Ground-Based Weapons Xinghao LI, Qinghua XUE, Yanxiang JIA, Chong ZHANG, Zhigang SUN, Xiangdong YANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 27-36.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.003 Abstract （398）   HTML （31）    PDF （6975KB）（460）       Knowledge map    Save Camouflage & protection is one of the effective means for air-defense and anti-missile ground equipment against enemy air reconnaissance and precision strike.The development trend of camouflage & protection equipment of foreign ground weapons in recent years is traced. The new technology progress of foreign research institutions is also summarized， such as Sweden Saab Defense Group （SAAB）， Israel Fibrotex Technology Company （Fibrotex）， the United States i2K Defense Company （i2K defense）， Russia Rusbal Company， etc. Furthermore， the development trend of camouflage and disguise technology approaches of foreign ground equipment is analyzed， which could provide reference for the development of camouflage & protection technology of Chinese ground equipment， and is significantly benefit for improving the survivability and combat effectiveness of air-defense and anti-missile system in the environment of offense and defense confrontation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Semi-supervised Air Targets Combat Intention Recognition Based on Metric Learning Chenhao ZHANG, Yan ZHOU, Futai LIANG, Tong ZHOU, Zihao SONG, Kai YUAN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (1): 52-62.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.01.006 Abstract （343）   HTML （9）    PDF （1228KB）（350）       Knowledge map    Save The air battlefield situation provides a general description of the actions and states of all participants， while target combat intention recognition serves as a critical foundation for air battlefield posture assessment. To address the challenge of acquiring a large amount of labeled air target battlefield data amidst intense confrontation and rapidly evolving scenarios， a semi-supervised air targets combat intention recognition model is proposed based on metric learning. The model offers a method for uncovering potential patterns from unlabeled samples， thus reducing the reliance on extensive labeled data. In this model， the target time-series data encoder reduces the dimensionality of target data and produces an embedded representation. Based on this， loss values are calculated by measuring the similarity between labeled target sequences and intention types， as well as between labeled and unlabeled target sequences. The experimental results demonstrate that the model achieves combat intention recognition accuracy rates of 86%， 89%， and 91% with labeled sample rates of 30%， 40%， and 50%， respectively. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Dynamic Construction Strategy of Anti-UAV Awarm Kill Chain Yong BAO, Shuai CHENG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (4): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.001 Abstract （323）   HTML （83）    PDF （1053KB）（268）       Knowledge map    Save The rapid development of drone swarm technology poses unprecedented challenges to modern air defence systems due to its decentralized and autonomous collaborative features. This paper analyzes the key technologies of drone swarms and， in response to their advantages in military applications， proposes an innovative strategy for countering drone swarms based on the dynamic construction of the kill chain. This study redefines the concept of the kill chain， emphasizing its importance in enhancing tactical flexibility， promoting the integration of technological innovation， and forming new combat concepts. The proposed strategy includes multi-domain perception， distributed command and control， resource optimization， and interception technology innovation. The aim is to improve the adaptability and response speed of defense systems against the threat of drone swarms. Combined with the land battlefield environment， this paper designs the implementation approaches for each strategy， providing a new perspective and theoretical support for future anti-drone swarm operations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Method of Working Mode Recognition for Multi-function Radar Based on RGCN Chunlai YU, Mingyue FENG, Hongbin JIN, Fuqun ZHANG, Qiangfei ZHANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (1): 120-128.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.01.013 Abstract （296）   HTML （3）    PDF （1906KB）（688）       Knowledge map    Save Multi-function radar has gained widespread application due to its flexible working modes， agile waveform characteristics， and ability to perform multiple tasks in parallel. However， these capabilities also pose significant challenges to radar intelligence reconnaissance and countermeasures. Recognizing the working modes of multi-function radar serves as a fundamental step for subsequent threat assessment， adaptive countermeasures， and guided attacks， directly influencing the specificity and effectiveness of radar countermeasures. In this paper， a novel method for recognizing the working modes of multi-function radar， leveraging relational graph convolutional networks （RGCNs） is proposed. By analyzing the various working modes of multi-function radar， the method enables parallel data processing and addresses the interactions between different working modes and their characteristic parameters. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intelligent Optimal Fault-Tolerant Control for Reusable Launch Vehicle Yangzhi ZENG, Haoran LI, Bin CHEN, Xiaodong SHAO Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 66-73.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.008 Abstract （275）   HTML （5）    PDF （1419KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Save The utilization of reusable launch vehicles has emerged as a prominent research focus owing to their significantly lower launch costs. Vertical sub-stage recovery technology is one of the most successful rocket recovery technologies at present， which requires that the recovery section needs to control the attitude of the rocket to keep it perpendicular to the ground. However， in the terminal deceleration phase of recovery， controlling the rocket relies solely on engine gimballing angles to obtain control moments， thus encountering constraints related to moment saturation. Moreover， deviations in thrust estimation contribute to errors in control moments. In this paper， we introduce an intelligent model predictive control algorithm to achieve attitude control during the terminal deceleration phase. Building upon traditional model predictive control， it employs neural networks to approximate the optimal value function， effectively reducing the computational load of model predictive control. Furthermore， in consideration of potential engine faults， along with constraints related to saturation and thrust estimation errors， a fault-tolerant optimal control allocation algorithm based on quadratic programming is devised. Simulation results substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Aeroelastic Simulation of Tiltrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hover Zonghui WANG, Hongrui ZHAO, Yunjun YANG, Yanwei WANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 57-65.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.007 Abstract （272）   HTML （1）    PDF （2547KB）（299）       Knowledge map    Save The tiltrotor UAV has both hovering and vertical takeoff and landing capabilities in the air， as well as high speed cruise performance. Aiming at the problem that the rigid aerodynamic shape of a tiltrotor UAV cannot accurately simulate the real flight performance due to the structural deformation of the elastic material， a CFD/CSD coupling method combining rotor bi-directional loose coupling and wing unidirectional coupling is proposed to numerically simulate the aeroelastic problem of tiltrotor UAV in hover state. Using aeroelastic tailoring to optimize the composite layer of the blade， the maximum deformation displacement of the blade is reduced from 22.34 mm to 17.1 mm， and the hovering efficiency is improved from 69.95% to 72.69%. Computational simulations are conducted on the entire aircraft flow field， and the results show that after considering structural elastic deformation， the increase in thrust generated by the entire aircraft rotor system compared to the individual rotor system decreases from 2.09% to 1.18%. The high-pressure zone generated by the rotor downwash on the deformed wing surface shifts approximately 0.1m towards the wing tip direction compared to the undeformed wing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics