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Research on the Development and Performance Analysis of the KEI Missile in the United States Xu ZHANG, Peng ZENG, Mingying WEI, Xu LI, Jianheng XUE, Chao WANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 31-39.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.005 Abstract （1774）   HTML （115）    PDF （2079KB）（995）       Knowledge map    Save Kinetic energy interceptor （KEI） is mainly used to intercept medium-range and intercontinental ballistic missiles flying in the boost phase， ascent phase and midcourse， with the characteristics of high speed and high acceleration. Based on the research and analysis of literature and modeling simulation， this paper conducts reverse design and research on KEI missile's overall parameters， aerodynamic parameters and dynamic parameters， and simulates KEI missile's flight performance and interception performance. The results show that KEI missile can accelerate to 6 km/s in about 60 s. It also has the ability to intercept ballistic missiles in the boost phase/ascent phase for typical targets， and has reference significance for the development and research of domestic interceptor weapons. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Israeli Iron Dome Air Defense System Performance and Operation Jiachuan ZHAO, Zhangyi YAO, Guoliang CHEN, Boya LI, Tianyi JIN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 19-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.002 Abstract （1758）   HTML （29）    PDF （2463KB）（319）       Knowledge map    Save The development of the Israeli Iron Dome air defense system is reviewed， and based on a brief introduction to the composition and functional characteristics of the system， an analysis of the Tamir missile's general scheme， aerodynamic characteristics， detection and guidance， and warhead design scheme is highlighted.By counting the operation of Iron Dome， the system effectiveness is analyzed and the interception capability of a battery for rocket barrage is given. On the basis of the development path of Iron Dome， the technical trend of foreign short-range air defense systems is summarized. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Digital Research and Development Methods for Electronic Information Equipment Jiutao WU, Zhiqian WU, Chao YANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 25-30.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.004 Abstract （1297）   HTML （72）    PDF （1256KB）（413）       Knowledge map    Save This manuscript analyzes the military demand for equipment digitization from external challenges， internal requirements， and technological trends. It provides an in-depth explanation of the concept， essence advantages， and enabling mechanisms of equipment digitization， and proposes general methods for its construction. Focusing on electronic information equipment， it examines its digital characteristics， challenges， and current status. Addressing the difficulties and gaps in the digitization of electronic information equipment， it combines the experience of digitization construction in our unit to summarize a generalized implementation approach， providing reference and guidance for digital construction within the industry. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Evaluation Method of Anti-UAV Schemes Jiangfeng YUE, Jinghua XIE Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 9-16.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.002 Abstract （1089）   HTML （101）    PDF （1124KB）（670）       Knowledge map    Save There are abundant means and complex equipments involved in the anti-UAV operation， and many factors need to be considered， which makes the comprehensive evaluation and optimization of the combat schemes more difficult. Based on the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）， the comprehensive evaluation of combat schemes is carried out on the basis of constructing a three-tier index system including the objective layer， criterion layer and index layer， combining with experts' investigation and scoring， constructing a judgment matrix， comprehensively evaluating the weight vector of indicators at all levels， and then calculating the influence weight of each base indicator relative to the top objective. Overall evaluation results of different combat schemes can be obtained according to the simulation results of anti-UAV swarm combat， their corresponding index weights and comparability. The problem of deriving overall evaluation conclusions of combat schemes from relatively measurable indicators can be solved. At the same time， factors that have a greater influence on improving combat effectiveness can be discovered more easily. And to find a more realistic and feasible way to optimize the operational plan efficiently. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Heuristic Target Assignment Method for Swarm Operations Xiqing WEI, Sha DU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 47-51.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.007 Abstract （1080）   HTML （52）    PDF （444KB）（250）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of low-cost and intelligent technologies， swarm operations are becoming a hot research topic. As the size of the swarm increases， efficient target assignment algorithms become an important research direction. In order to improve the computational efficiency of target assignment， this paper takes the surplus value of target clusters as the optimization goal， uses the greedy algorithm to select local optimal solutions step by step， and ultimately obtains an approximate global optimal solution for target assignment. Simulation of typical target assignment problems verifies the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulation Method of Target Track Based on Embedded Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Yanyan MA, Qiang LIN, Chuang NIU, Haida YANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 51-60.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.007 Abstract （1078）   HTML （53）    PDF （2388KB）（310）       Knowledge map    Save A target track simulation method based on embedded PSO is proposed to address the fidelity and universal applicability issues of radar-moving target track simulation. Firstly， the principle of simulation moving target track by UAV is analyzed， the motion model and coupling relationship between the UAV and the simulated target is discussed and the control quantity and control equation are determined. Then， based on constraint conditions of target motion track simulation， the objective optimization fitness function is proposed by UAV performance and energy consumption， and the optimal control model of target track simulation is established. Finally， in order to improve the accuracy and practicality of the model solution， the particle swarm optimization algorithm is improved and embedded in the model solution， achieving effective simulation of different motion tracks of the target. The simulation results indicate that this method can have wide applicability for simulating the track of moving targets. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Integral Sliding Mode Active Disturbance Rejection Control for Hypersonic Vehicles Weiqiang TANG, Chengchao JIA, Wenke SHI, Tianpeng XU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 40-50.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.006 Abstract （1032）   HTML （58）    PDF （1316KB）（490）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the uncertainty problem of hypersonic vehicles， a tracking strategy combining active disturbance rejection control and integral sliding mode control is proposed. The hypersonic vehicle model is transformed into a velocity subsystem and an altitude subsystem， where the velocity subsystem is a first-order system， and the altitude subsystem consists of the altitude loop， track angle loop， and pitch angle loop. Tracking differentiator is used to arrange the transition process of the system， and extended state observer is used to estimate the total disturbance. The integral sliding mode control law is designed to replace the nonlinear state error feedback control law. The results show that the designed tracking control strategy has strong robustness to hypersonic vehicle uncertainty. Compared with the traditional sliding mode active disturbance rejection control， it has more advantages in adjustment time， tracking accuracy and control signal smoothness. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trajectory Optimization for Climbing Phase of Hypersonic Missile with Multi-objective and Multi-degree-of-freedom Suyu YAN, Chao MING, Xiaoming WANG, Zhihua WEI, Kaiyuan YANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 52-60.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.008 Abstract （1025）   HTML （48）    PDF （1778KB）（209）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the trajectory optimization problem of air-breathing hypersonic missile， which can reflect its dynamic characteristics more truly and meet the requirements of multiple optimization indexes in the climbing phase， a trajectory optimization design method for air-breathing hypersonic missile with multi-degree-of-freedom is proposed. Under multiple constraints such as overload and dynamic pressure， the weighted summation method is used to design the double optimal target， and the hp adaptive pseudo-spectrum method is used to design and analyze the climbing trajectory of the air-breathing hypersonic missile. Simulation results show that this method can effectively solve the comprehensive optimization problem considering the minimum climb time and the minimum fuel consumption at the same time， and the multi-degree-of-freedom design can reflect the dynamic characteristics of the air-breathing hypersonic missile climbing stage more truly. Improved trajectory performance provides a new idea for trajectory optimization design of air-breathing hypersonic missile. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interior Ballistic Design of a Multi-gas Generators Ejecting System Xiaoying HE, Yanzhong Lin Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 41-46.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.006 Abstract （1010）   HTML （47）    PDF （758KB）（108）       Knowledge map    Save For missile ejecting power system with multi-gas generators， the normal way of solving the interior ballistic equations is assuming the design parameters， the number of generators and the ignition time of gas generators by experience， in order to make the interior ballistic parameters， such as the detached velocity， meet the index requirements. Once the setup of the gas generator parameters is unsuitable， the optimization solution is easily failed. A calculation method is proposed based on the interior ballistic target， such as missile detached velocity. The number， output flux and ignition time of multi-gas generators are calculated step by step. Finally the suitable propellant charge parameters and structure parameters of multi-gas generators are gained. The solution method was realized by programming using Matlab. The interior ballistic simulation for missile launching using different units of multi-gas generators was carried out. The parameters of multi-gas generators computed by this method can be used as the input of the later optimization of interior ballistic solution. The research can greatly support the initial interior ballistic design of missile launching power system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Summary of Research on Evaluation Methods for Operational Capability of Air Defense Systems Peng ZHANG, Ke FENG, Kai ZHAO, Jiancheng GONG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 24-32.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.004 Abstract （1006）   HTML （76）    PDF （1293KB）（272）       Knowledge map    Save The formation and development of networked air defense systems are not only necessary for adapting to anti air attack operations and responding to air and space threats， but also for promoting and guiding information technology and new combat theories. It is an inevitable choice for adapting to intelligent and networked operations of the system. As the critical basis for evaluating the success or failure of air defense operations， it has become an urgent task to assess the operational capability of air defense systems in the new mode. The article summarizes the research achievements in the field， analyzes the current research status， elaborates on the main problems faced， proposes the trend of networked operation of air defense systems， and suggests that the evaluation of air defense system combat capability has changed from “simple sum” to “emerging sum，” from “single result” to “result cloud，” and from “indicator tree” to “indicator network，” providing a theoretical reference for the evaluation of the combat capability of complex air defense systems with significant networked features in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Threat Assessment of Missile Targets Based on Gradient Fuzzy TOPSIS Youxi XU, Jian HE, Xuebo CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 33-40.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.005 Abstract （947）   HTML （59）    PDF （784KB）（131）       Knowledge map    Save A TOPSIS missile target threat assessment algorithm based on gradient fuzzy is proposed for the problem of missile target threat assessment. By using the TOPSIS（technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution） method to calculate weight values and combining gradient fuzzy calculation with the fuzzy matrix， the comprehensive weight values of target threat assessment indicators can be obtained， which can solve the problem of weight deviation caused by large differences in the magnitude of data indicators for various factors， such as large or small deviation. The evaluation results of typical cases indicate that the proposed improved algorithm overcomes the problem of weight difference and effectively enhances the credibility of missile target threat assessment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Load Cascading Failure Model for Asymmetric Dependent Command and Control Networks Dijiu YUE, Jianhua LI, Jieyong ZHANG, Fei CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 61-71.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.009 Abstract （938）   HTML （42）    PDF （1544KB）（91）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the chain reaction process of failure diffusion when a command and control（C2） network nodes are attacked， based on the asymmetric dependent C2 network model， the initial load is defined by the comprehensive importance of nodes， and the capacity load nonlinear model is used to calculate the node capacity. Based on the characteristics of the physical and logical layers of the C2 network， optimal allocation strategies for failed node capacity and non-uniform load adjustable reassignment strategies are proposed， respectively， a cascading failure model suitable for C2 networks is constructed， and tthe impact of key parameters on the invulnerability of cascading failures in C2 networks is analyzed using numerical simulation. The research results show that the capacity margin differentiation parameter is positively related to the cascade failure scale of C2 network， while the node overload parameter and load partition coefficient are negatively related； faced with attacks， accusing the network of seepage failure， dependent failure， and overload failure， the network becomes more fragile； compared with existing models， the constructed model can more effectively suppress cascading failure propagation and improve network invulnerability. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Construction Method of Digital Parallel Battlefield System Based on Digital Twin Huifang GAO, Guoxian GU, Qingjian HOU, Yan ZHOU, Liangliang WANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 82-90.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.009 Abstract （915）   HTML （11）    PDF （1436KB）（187）       Knowledge map    Save To meet the demand of future information warfare， it is of great significance to build a digital parallel battlefield system for analyzing the actual battlefield system. Therefore， based on the related technologies of parallel system and digital twin， the ACP method of artificial system， computational experiment and parallel execution is used in this study， and the construction idea of digital parallel battlefield system is proposed. The construction process of artificial battlefield is introduced in detail from the aspects of battlefield entity， service， twin data and twins. The parallel execution flow of actual battlefield and artificial battlefield is analyzed. The method proposed in this study can provide the basis for commanders to design the combat plans， make the combat plans， organize the combat cooperation， and command and control the battle situation more quickly and accurately. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Knowledge Graph Construction Method of Early Warning Equipment Based on Deep Learning Liping YANG, Qiqing FANG, Yahui HU, Chenggang GU, Huimin WANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 61-72.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.008 Abstract （889）   HTML （49）    PDF （2932KB）（304）       Knowledge map    Save To fully explore the intrinsic correlation value of massive data， comprehensively and accurately construct the knowledge graph in the field of early warning equipment， a knowledge graph construction method of early warning equipment based on deep learning is proposed. The proposed method takes typical unstructured text data as the research object， constructs the knowledge graph ontology and professional dictionary in the field of early warning equipment， and obtains the early warning equipment knowledge dataset containing 6 468 entity samples and 11 216 relationship samples by driving word segmentation. The entity recognition and relationship extraction are performed based on the knowledge extraction method of multiple deep learning models. The experimental results show that the proposed method has excellent performance in the field of early warning equipment， with the F1 value of the entity recognition model reaching 91.54% and the F1 value of the relationship extraction model reaching 91.05%. The extracted entity relationship triples are stored in the Neo4j graph database， and the early warning equipment field knowledge graph composed of 14 entities and 22 relationships is further constructed and visualized. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Combat Efficiency Evaluation of Army Synthetic Operation Unit Based on DEA-Malmquist Index Model Jisong FAN, Yuyao TONG, Jun GAO, Chengxiang TIAN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 17-24.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.003 Abstract （881）   HTML （57）    PDF （1389KB）（462）       Knowledge map    Save Army composite operational unit is the smallest tactical unit for systematic combat operations. The assessment and analysis of its combat efficiency are urgent issues to be addressed in military studies. This article focuses on the application of data envelopment analysis （DEA） and Malmquist Productivity Index in the evaluation of combat unit's combat efficiency. It constructs the DEA-Malmquist evaluation model for combat units and utilizes the dynamic and concise advantages of the Malmquist index to evaluate the efficiency and dynamic changes of different combat units in multiple combat stages based on input-output data. The analysis， evaluation process， methods， and conclusions of this study can provide valuable references and insights for the construction and utilization of composite operational units and the military application of Malmquist productivity index. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Calculation and Evaluation Method of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process Yanyan MA, Qiang LIN, Xuhui LI Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 17-23.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.003 Abstract （807）   HTML （68）    PDF （2304KB）（188）       Knowledge map    Save An evaluation method based on analytic hierarchy process （AHP） is proposed to evaluate the electromagnetic environment complexity of electronic equipment. The influencing factors and principles related to the complexity of the electromagnetic environment are introduced. The evaluation index system and the calculation method of each index are analyzed. Quantitative expression form of complex electromagnetic environment is provided. An evaluation model of electromagnetic environment complexity based on decision theory is proposed by AHP. An application example is used to visually display the complexity of the electromagnetic environment in a specific area. The simulation results show that the evaluation and presentation method can comprehensively and accurately describe the complexity of the electromagnetic environment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Propagation Delay Measurement System of TDOA Target Simulation Signal Through Photon Link Qiang LÜ, Jingguo WANG, Hui ZHONG, Yuechuan LIANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 73-79.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.009 Abstract （763）   HTML （36）    PDF （1256KB）（159）       Knowledge map    Save In the TDOA target generation system， microwave photon links are used to transmit multi-channel and multi-band target simulation signals containing accurate TDOA information. To ensure the accuracy of TDOA information is enough， it is necessary to accurately measure the propagation delay of the target simulation signal through the photon link. A novel method for measuring the propagation delay of photon link is proposed in this paper， which uses a dedicated delay measurement chip based on the gate delay counting principle to achieve high-resolution and high-precision measurement. By occupying the same optical transmission channel of a single fiber through time sharing between the delay measurement signal and the target simulation signal， the measurement of the propagation delay and the transmission of the target simulation signal are achieved for a photon link， it meets the hardware requirements for accurately measuring the propagation delay of photon link mechanically. The experimental results show that this method can accurately measure the propagation delay of the TDOA target simulation signal through the photon link， with an error of less than 1ns， which is one order of magnitude higher than the TDOA measurement accuracy of the sensor， meets the measurement accuracy requirement of the system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Application of Space-Based Information Support in Ultra-Long-Range Air Defense Operations Ke LIU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 9-16.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.002 Abstract （756）   HTML （94）    PDF （843KB）（407）       Knowledge map    Save Ultra-long-range air defense is committed to preventing the threat target from thousands of miles away， and requires close cooperation between the three chains of strike chain， accusation chain and intelligence chain. Aiming at the ultra-long range air defense， an innovative warfare method that changes the rules of war， this paper first analyzes the various processes of strike chain， accusation chain and intelligence chain， and then puts forward the space-based information direct support mode. The application of space-based information direct support in ultra-long-range air defense operations is studied， and how space-based information direct support enables strike chain， accusation chain and intelligence chain is deeply discussed， in order to provide reference for the construction and development of ultra-long-range air defense combat information support systems in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Contribution Rate of Terminal Defense Equipment Architecture Based on SEM Xianliang MENG, Bo ZHANG, Mingliang ZHANG, Jin WANG, Le MENG, Ming XUE Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (5): 1-8.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.05.001 Abstract （755）   HTML （669）    PDF （837KB）（994）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the problems such as unclear concept of equipment architecture contribution rate evaluation and few researches on evaluation methods， this paper further expounds the connotation and application scenarios of the contribution rate of equipment architecture based on structure， and constructs the evaluation method of equipment architecture contribution rate by using structural equation model. Taking the terminal defense equipment system as an example， it analyzes the specific operation process and method of structure contribution rate evaluation. The ability order of the combination scheme of different strike and intercept equipment is obtained， which can provide reference for equipment allocation and operational application. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Air Defense Deployment Method Based on NSGAⅡ Algorithm Chenchen HUANG, Suhang LI, Zilong GAO, Yuebing CHENG, Zining Zhao Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (1): 45-51.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.01.005 Abstract （725）   HTML （9）    PDF （1031KB）（182）       Knowledge map    Save Traditional air defense weapon deployment methods primarily focus on optimization models under predefined scenarios， which are inadequate for adapting to the multi-level， multi-path airstrike modes encountered in actual combat. A multi-objective optimization algorithm based on NSGA-II is proposed for a defense system consisting of multiple targets and various air defense weapons. The covering capability and penetration probability are defined as two objective functions， with constraints including battle formation and terrain. This algorithm effectively evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of regional air defense deployments， and addresses the problem of optimizing air defense weapons placement under specific conditions. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method enhances cover capability and improves the interception effectiveness in specific air situations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics