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Analysis of Israeli Iron Dome Air Defense System Performance and Operation Jiachuan ZHAO, Zhangyi YAO, Guoliang CHEN, Boya LI, Tianyi JIN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 19-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.002 Abstract （2041）   HTML （45）    PDF （2463KB）（989）       Knowledge map    Save The development of the Israeli Iron Dome air defense system is reviewed， and based on a brief introduction to the composition and functional characteristics of the system， an analysis of the Tamir missile's general scheme， aerodynamic characteristics， detection and guidance， and warhead design scheme is highlighted.By counting the operation of Iron Dome， the system effectiveness is analyzed and the interception capability of a battery for rocket barrage is given. On the basis of the development path of Iron Dome， the technical trend of foreign short-range air defense systems is summarized. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current Situation and Development Trends and Operational Scenarios of the “Loyal Wingman” Peng YU, Qunshuo WEI, Wei LIU, Meng LI Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 23-31.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.003 Abstract （1339）   HTML （50）    PDF （2858KB）（1370）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years， the “Loyal Wingman”， which operates manned and unmanned aerial vehicles in collaboration， has attracted much attention due to its potential to subvert traditional air combat modes. This paper studies the progress of the “Loyal Wingman” project in the United States， Russia， Australia and some other countries， and predicts its future development trends. Based on this， and combined with penetrating counter air combat scenarios such as situational awareness， electronic countermeasures， distributed killing， soft penetration and hard penetration， we thoroughly analyzed the operational requirements， operational processes， and operational application modes of the “Loyal Wingman” in system of systems confrontation. which can provide reference for the research of offensive and defensive system of systems confrontation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Construction Method of Digital Parallel Battlefield System Based on Digital Twin Huifang GAO, Guoxian GU, Qingjian HOU, Yan ZHOU, Liangliang WANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 82-90.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.009 Abstract （1333）   HTML （24）    PDF （1436KB）（701）       Knowledge map    Save To meet the demand of future information warfare， it is of great significance to build a digital parallel battlefield system for analyzing the actual battlefield system. Therefore， based on the related technologies of parallel system and digital twin， the ACP method of artificial system， computational experiment and parallel execution is used in this study， and the construction idea of digital parallel battlefield system is proposed. The construction process of artificial battlefield is introduced in detail from the aspects of battlefield entity， service， twin data and twins. The parallel execution flow of actual battlefield and artificial battlefield is analyzed. The method proposed in this study can provide the basis for commanders to design the combat plans， make the combat plans， organize the combat cooperation， and command and control the battle situation more quickly and accurately. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Unmanned Swarm Operations Development for Maritime Battlefields Kexiang WANG, Ye LU, Yincheng LI, Shuo CHEN, Chen FEI Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 11-22.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.002 Abstract （1174）   HTML （35）    PDF （2353KB）（1973）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology， unmanned systems are increasingly applied in the military domain， particularly in maritime operations， becoming a novel mode of warfare. This paper reviews the domestic and international research progress of unmanned swarm combat technology in maritime battlefields， analyzing the latest achievements by various countries and exploring its practical applications in maritime operations. It proposes a framework for unmanned swarm combat systems tailored to maritime battlefields， encompassing multiple layers such as combat platforms， communication networks， mission applications， and command and control. Core functional tasks， including reconnaissance and surveillance as well as firepower strikes， are discussed in depth. Furthermore， the paper examines evaluation metrics， influencing factors， and existing challenges in unmanned swarm combat on the maritime battlefield. It forecasts future development trends in unmanned swarm combat technology for maritime battlefields， focusing on the potential and challenges in technology integration， diversification of combat styles， and cost-effectiveness. The aim is to provide theoretical support and technical references for advancing the application of unmanned swarm technology in maritime battlefields. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Measurement Method of Time-Sensitive Target Kill Chain Close Time Gang LIU, Ming JI, Junyi XU Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 121-128.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.013 Abstract （919）   HTML （8）    PDF （1736KB）（318）       Knowledge map    Save The measurement of the close time is the key task of planning the time-sensitive target kill chain（TSTKC）. Ignoring the overlapping relationships among the steps of TSTKC， previous studies have adopted methods based on linear accumulation. This paper proposes a dynamic measurement method for the close time of TSTKC based on overlapping relationships additionally. Simulation results show that this method is more accurate， which is helpful for the command organization to capture more strike opportunities. The method also adapts to the changes of the window of vulnerability， which can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the construction， modelling and effectiveness evaluation of TSTKC. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of Path Error for Quadcopter Based on BOA-BP Neural Network Shuwei WANG, Jia LI, Jian FENG, Caibin YUE Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 74-81.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.009 Abstract （913）   HTML （3）    PDF （1339KB）（53）       Knowledge map    Save An optimization method for BP neural networks based on the butterfly optimization algorithm （BOA） is proposed to address the issue of inaccurate path planning for quadcopters in multi-obstacle environments. The points of the quadcopter along the designated path are used as training samples for the neural network， and the BOA-BP algorithm is employed to train the network to determine the optimal flight path. The simulation results show that the proposed BOA-BP model effectively reduces the path error of the quadcopter compared to the traditional BOA algorithm， with the root mean square error decreasing from 1.60% to 0.003%. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-objective Strike Task Allocation for UAV Swarms Based on MR-WPA Chen FEI, Liang ZHAO, Yincheng LI, Shuquan WANG, Zhengyu DUAN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.001 Abstract （894）   HTML （178）    PDF （1610KB）（490）       Knowledge map    Save Unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） are widely applied across various fields due to their high mobility and strong coupling capabilities. In the military domain， multi-objective task allocation for UAV swarms holds critical significance. Based on the current research status and latest advancements in UAV task allocation， this paper addresses the limitations of traditional algorithms， such as insufficient robustness， slow convergence， and susceptibility to local optima in complex missions—by proposing an improved wolf pack algorithm （IWPA） based on a multi-rule mechanism. An optimization model is constructed with the objective of maximizing strike effectiveness， incorporating factors such as enemy target distance， attack threat， and target value.Simulation results demonstrate that， compared to other heuristic algorithms， the proposed method achieves faster optimization speed and superior performance， indicating broad application prospects. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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State Observer-Based Formation Maneuvering Control of Unmanned Aircraft Swarms Mi WU, Xianqiao CHEN, Weiwen SHEN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 112-119.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.013 Abstract （809）   HTML （5）    PDF （1238KB）（81）       Knowledge map    Save We address the problem of formation maneuvering control of unmanned aircraft swarm systems with leader-follower structure， and design distributed formation controllers based on bearing information， so as to realize the translation and rotation maneuver control of unmanned aircraft swarms. To overcome the limitations of existing formation control methods based on bearing information when handling time-varying bearing formation， we design a state observer. This observer estimates the desired positions and velocities of the UAVs using relative bearing information from neighboring UAVs and the position and velocity information of the leader. A backstepping controller is designed based on the desired velocities to achieve the maneuver control of the formation system. The estimation error of the observer and the stability of the controller are proven using the Lyapunov method. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is validated through simulations involving translation and rotation maneuvers. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Effectiveness Evaluation Method of Anti-missile Equipment System Based on GWO-DBN Haiyan ZHAO, Feng ZHOU, Wenjing YANG, Di LIU, Tianyuan YANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 45-54.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.005 Abstract （754）   HTML （7）    PDF （1882KB）（151）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the problem that the existing efficiency prediction methods are difficult to reflect the actual effectiveness of anti-missile equipment system， a method of efficiency evaluation of anti-missile equipment system based on "data-driven + deep learning" is proposed. On the basis of a large number of experimental data extraction， disposal and analysis， we construct grey wolf optimization （GWO）-deep belief network（DBN） model to train the data， so as to obtain the nonlinear fitting of the anti-missile equipment system efficiency. We conduct a simulation experiment with an anti-missile system efficiency evaluation as an example， and the results show that the evaluation method is feasible and reliable. It can provide high reference value and significance for the demonstration and improvement of the anti-missile equipment system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Progress of Foreign Camouflage Equipment for Ground-Based Weapons Xinghao LI, Qinghua XUE, Yanxiang JIA, Chong ZHANG, Zhigang SUN, Xiangdong YANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 27-36.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.003 Abstract （462）   HTML （32）    PDF （6975KB）（526）       Knowledge map    Save Camouflage & protection is one of the effective means for air-defense and anti-missile ground equipment against enemy air reconnaissance and precision strike.The development trend of camouflage & protection equipment of foreign ground weapons in recent years is traced. The new technology progress of foreign research institutions is also summarized， such as Sweden Saab Defense Group （SAAB）， Israel Fibrotex Technology Company （Fibrotex）， the United States i2K Defense Company （i2K defense）， Russia Rusbal Company， etc. Furthermore， the development trend of camouflage and disguise technology approaches of foreign ground equipment is analyzed， which could provide reference for the development of camouflage & protection technology of Chinese ground equipment， and is significantly benefit for improving the survivability and combat effectiveness of air-defense and anti-missile system in the environment of offense and defense confrontation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Dynamic Construction Strategy of Anti-UAV Awarm Kill Chain Yong BAO, Shuai CHENG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (4): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.001 Abstract （438）   HTML （86）    PDF （1053KB）（340）       Knowledge map    Save The rapid development of drone swarm technology poses unprecedented challenges to modern air defence systems due to its decentralized and autonomous collaborative features. This paper analyzes the key technologies of drone swarms and， in response to their advantages in military applications， proposes an innovative strategy for countering drone swarms based on the dynamic construction of the kill chain. This study redefines the concept of the kill chain， emphasizing its importance in enhancing tactical flexibility， promoting the integration of technological innovation， and forming new combat concepts. The proposed strategy includes multi-domain perception， distributed command and control， resource optimization， and interception technology innovation. The aim is to improve the adaptability and response speed of defense systems against the threat of drone swarms. Combined with the land battlefield environment， this paper designs the implementation approaches for each strategy， providing a new perspective and theoretical support for future anti-drone swarm operations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Capabilities Analysis of US Ground-Based Midcourse Defense Interceptor Yuyan TANG, Zhongwen WANG, Jingru ZOU, Fei ZHAO Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (6): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.06.001 Abstract （401）   HTML （55）    PDF （4407KB）（680）       Knowledge map    Save The development of ground-based midcourse defense interceptor with its exo-atmospheric kill vehicle and booster is researched systematically. The flight test of ground-based interceptor and the development plan of next-generation interceptor are described. The population parameters and boost engine parameters of ground-based interceptor are anti-designed based on its public information. The shoot table and spatiotemporal characteristics and intercept airspace of two-level and three-level ground-based interceptor are simulated. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Coordination Strategy of Air-to-Ground Firepower in Air Defense Operations Supported by Data Link Yuan CAO, Zeyang CAO, Junqing LI, Peng GAO, Lele LIU Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (5): 29-38.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.05.004 Abstract （363）   HTML （40）    PDF （2252KB）（637）       Knowledge map    Save Air-to-ground firepower coordination is an important form of air-to-ground cooperation in air defense operations. Scientific and efficient design of coordination strategies， such as coordination styles， coordination rules， and process control， can effectively improve the effectiveness of air-to-ground firepower coordination. This paper， based on the coordination degree and coordination complexity of firepower coordination between air-to-ground cooperative weapon platforms， proposed three firepower coordination styles： tactical level， tracking level， and guidance level， and presented typical cooperative action modes under each type. Based on this， three basic coordination rules， including firepower use by domain， flexible firepower control， and firepower safety evasion， as well as specific criteria， were proposed. The coordination control process and detailed steps between the coordinating entities and coordinated objects were designed， and an evaluation index system for air-to-ground firepower coordination was constructed. The research results have high application value for the design of air-to-ground cooperation architectures and the construction of firepower coordination models. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intelligent Optimal Fault-Tolerant Control for Reusable Launch Vehicle Yangzhi ZENG, Haoran LI, Bin CHEN, Xiaodong SHAO Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 66-73.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.008 Abstract （347）   HTML （5）    PDF （1419KB）（235）       Knowledge map    Save The utilization of reusable launch vehicles has emerged as a prominent research focus owing to their significantly lower launch costs. Vertical sub-stage recovery technology is one of the most successful rocket recovery technologies at present， which requires that the recovery section needs to control the attitude of the rocket to keep it perpendicular to the ground. However， in the terminal deceleration phase of recovery， controlling the rocket relies solely on engine gimballing angles to obtain control moments， thus encountering constraints related to moment saturation. Moreover， deviations in thrust estimation contribute to errors in control moments. In this paper， we introduce an intelligent model predictive control algorithm to achieve attitude control during the terminal deceleration phase. Building upon traditional model predictive control， it employs neural networks to approximate the optimal value function， effectively reducing the computational load of model predictive control. Furthermore， in consideration of potential engine faults， along with constraints related to saturation and thrust estimation errors， a fault-tolerant optimal control allocation algorithm based on quadratic programming is devised. Simulation results substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Aeroelastic Simulation of Tiltrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hover Zonghui WANG, Hongrui ZHAO, Yunjun YANG, Yanwei WANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 57-65.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.007 Abstract （329）   HTML （1）    PDF （2547KB）（373）       Knowledge map    Save The tiltrotor UAV has both hovering and vertical takeoff and landing capabilities in the air， as well as high speed cruise performance. Aiming at the problem that the rigid aerodynamic shape of a tiltrotor UAV cannot accurately simulate the real flight performance due to the structural deformation of the elastic material， a CFD/CSD coupling method combining rotor bi-directional loose coupling and wing unidirectional coupling is proposed to numerically simulate the aeroelastic problem of tiltrotor UAV in hover state. Using aeroelastic tailoring to optimize the composite layer of the blade， the maximum deformation displacement of the blade is reduced from 22.34 mm to 17.1 mm， and the hovering efficiency is improved from 69.95% to 72.69%. Computational simulations are conducted on the entire aircraft flow field， and the results show that after considering structural elastic deformation， the increase in thrust generated by the entire aircraft rotor system compared to the individual rotor system decreases from 2.09% to 1.18%. The high-pressure zone generated by the rotor downwash on the deformed wing surface shifts approximately 0.1m towards the wing tip direction compared to the undeformed wing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Key Technologies for Guidance and Control of Anti-high Speed and Strong Mobility Target Interceptor Jiong LI, Wanli LI, Jinlin ZHANG, Yangchao HE, Boyang JI Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 82-94.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.010 Abstract （321）   HTML （16）    PDF （1577KB）（81）       Knowledge map    Save As a long-range， fast and precise point-strike conventional tactical weapon， the high-speed and strongly maneuverable vehicle can achieve the purposes of global strategic strikes， posing a great challenge to national air and space security. To meet the requirements of high-speed and strongly maneuverable target defense operations， this paper focuses on the key technologies of interceptor guidance control， mainly combing and analyzing the research progress in four aspects： target trajectory prediction， mid-course guidance trajectory optimization， mid to end guidance handover， and missile target attack and defense gaming. At the same time， this paper looks forward to the four key future directions： "medium-and long-term target trajectory prediction"， "mid-course guidance trajectory intelligent planning"， "end-course guidance capture space research"， and "multi-interceptor collaborative trajectory generation". This paper can provide reference for the follow-up research on interceptor guidance control technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Cooperative Target Location of Multi-platform Active and Passive Radar Guobin FENG, Wensheng GUO, peng WANG, Likai ZENG, Bing XUE Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 129-138.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.015 Abstract （320）   HTML （7）    PDF （1496KB）（115）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the problem of poor information-level fusion detection and localization accuracy， this paper proposes a multi-platform active-passive radar information-level and signal-level data fusion localization method based on the principle of least squares， and for the existing signal-level fusion algorithms that need the target's a priori information for the temporal alignment of the signal-level fusion algorithms， it puts forward a temporal alignment method based on the positional information of the platform itself and the positional relationship between the platforms. Simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper can effectively realize target positioning. Furthermore， multi-platform active and passive radar signal-level coordination can obtain smaller root mean square error of target positioning and improve the target positioning accuracy relative to the information-level coordination， as well as pure active radar coordination and pure passive radar coordination. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development, Trend and Implication of the NGT Communication Equipment by the U.S. Army Lan BAI, Shuang ZHANG, Qiang LIU, Denghua HU Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 99-106.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.011 Abstract （312）   HTML （6）    PDF （1874KB）（224）       Knowledge map    Save Troposcatter communication is one of the important wireless communication means of U.S. army and has played an important role in the past military operations. In order to meet the operational requirements under the strategy of great power competition， the U.S. army is purchasing and equipping the next generation troposcatter （NGT） communication equipment. Aiming at the NGT communication equipment of the U.S. army， this paper systematically combs the main performance and current development trend， summarizes the main characteristics and advantages of the NGT equipment compared with the active equipment， and studies the later development trend combined with the concept and technology development of the U.S. army. Finally， the paper sums up the successful experience of the U.S. army in the construction of the NGT communication equipment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and Analysis on the Construction and Development of Air and Missile Defense Battle Kill Chains/Web Jin ZHANG, Gang WANG, Xiangke GUO, Tengda LI, Xiangyu LIU, Runyu HUANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (4): 18-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.04.003 Abstract （310）   HTML （21）    PDF （1169KB）（247）       Knowledge map    Save The construction of an air and missile defense chain/web is an important element in promoting the gradual completion of the national integrated air and space defense system. The deepening application of artificial intelligence， military internet of things， big data and other emerging technologies in the field of air and missile defense significantly improves the early warning， detection， information processing and command and decision-making capabilities of the air and space defense system，， and also provides more possibilities for the construction and development of intelligent air and missile defense and kill web of“instantaneous response and dynamic reconfiguration”.This paper introduces the development， connotation and characteristics of the concept of air and missile defense web， building the system support structure and analyzing and summarizing the web's key technical capabilities. It also provides relevant guidance and analyzes the web's future development trends， which will inform subsequent research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Capability Evaluation of Radar Countermeasure Equipment Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Model Miaomiao TIAN, Jinxian PENG, Lun ZHOU, Lihua LÜ Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 182-190.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.021 Abstract （309）   HTML （1）    PDF （737KB）（276）       Knowledge map    Save A scientific evaluation of operation test is an important measure for improving the effectiveness of weapon operations. Based on the characteristics of weapon and equipment test and evaluation， the evaluation involves more assessment index and fuzzy process. Given that equipment actualisation assessment is characterised by many assessment indexes and ambiguous judging results， an equipment combat test assessment method based on multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is proposed. This paper takes the radar countermeasure equipment and combat missions as the research object and establishes the synthetic evaluation index system including operation effectiveness， operation suitability and system suitability； combined IAHP（ improved analytic hierarchy process） with entropy weight method to calculate the comprehensive weight； form the evaluation set and based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to calculate membership of each level index. Using a certain radar countermeasure equipment as an example， evaluating the overall score. The results show that the model and method can evaluate the equipment operation test and have practical application value. It can better judge the comprehensive operational capability and provide reference and guidance for application and upgrade in later period. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics