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Summary of Research on Evaluation Methods for Operational Capability of Air Defense Systems Peng ZHANG, Ke FENG, Kai ZHAO, Jiancheng GONG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 24-32.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.004 Abstract （1838）   HTML （77）    PDF （1293KB）（300）       Knowledge map    Save The formation and development of networked air defense systems are not only necessary for adapting to anti air attack operations and responding to air and space threats， but also for promoting and guiding information technology and new combat theories. It is an inevitable choice for adapting to intelligent and networked operations of the system. As the critical basis for evaluating the success or failure of air defense operations， it has become an urgent task to assess the operational capability of air defense systems in the new mode. The article summarizes the research achievements in the field， analyzes the current research status， elaborates on the main problems faced， proposes the trend of networked operation of air defense systems， and suggests that the evaluation of air defense system combat capability has changed from “simple sum” to “emerging sum，” from “single result” to “result cloud，” and from “indicator tree” to “indicator network，” providing a theoretical reference for the evaluation of the combat capability of complex air defense systems with significant networked features in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Israeli Iron Dome Air Defense System Performance and Operation Jiachuan ZHAO, Zhangyi YAO, Guoliang CHEN, Boya LI, Tianyi JIN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 19-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.002 Abstract （1822）   HTML （30）    PDF （2463KB）（357）       Knowledge map    Save The development of the Israeli Iron Dome air defense system is reviewed， and based on a brief introduction to the composition and functional characteristics of the system， an analysis of the Tamir missile's general scheme， aerodynamic characteristics， detection and guidance， and warhead design scheme is highlighted.By counting the operation of Iron Dome， the system effectiveness is analyzed and the interception capability of a battery for rocket barrage is given. On the basis of the development path of Iron Dome， the technical trend of foreign short-range air defense systems is summarized. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Heuristic Target Assignment Method for Swarm Operations Xiqing WEI, Sha DU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 47-51.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.007 Abstract （1131）   HTML （52）    PDF （444KB）（271）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of low-cost and intelligent technologies， swarm operations are becoming a hot research topic. As the size of the swarm increases， efficient target assignment algorithms become an important research direction. In order to improve the computational efficiency of target assignment， this paper takes the surplus value of target clusters as the optimization goal， uses the greedy algorithm to select local optimal solutions step by step， and ultimately obtains an approximate global optimal solution for target assignment. Simulation of typical target assignment problems verifies the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current Situation and Development Trends and Operational Scenarios of the “Loyal Wingman” Peng YU, Qunshuo WEI, Wei LIU, Meng LI Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 23-31.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.003 Abstract （1064）   HTML （16）    PDF （2858KB）（794）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years， the “Loyal Wingman”， which operates manned and unmanned aerial vehicles in collaboration， has attracted much attention due to its potential to subvert traditional air combat modes. This paper studies the progress of the “Loyal Wingman” project in the United States， Russia， Australia and some other countries， and predicts its future development trends. Based on this， and combined with penetrating counter air combat scenarios such as situational awareness， electronic countermeasures， distributed killing， soft penetration and hard penetration， we thoroughly analyzed the operational requirements， operational processes， and operational application modes of the “Loyal Wingman” in system of systems confrontation. which can provide reference for the research of offensive and defensive system of systems confrontation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trajectory Optimization for Climbing Phase of Hypersonic Missile with Multi-objective and Multi-degree-of-freedom Suyu YAN, Chao MING, Xiaoming WANG, Zhihua WEI, Kaiyuan YANG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 52-60.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.008 Abstract （1062）   HTML （48）    PDF （1778KB）（215）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the trajectory optimization problem of air-breathing hypersonic missile， which can reflect its dynamic characteristics more truly and meet the requirements of multiple optimization indexes in the climbing phase， a trajectory optimization design method for air-breathing hypersonic missile with multi-degree-of-freedom is proposed. Under multiple constraints such as overload and dynamic pressure， the weighted summation method is used to design the double optimal target， and the hp adaptive pseudo-spectrum method is used to design and analyze the climbing trajectory of the air-breathing hypersonic missile. Simulation results show that this method can effectively solve the comprehensive optimization problem considering the minimum climb time and the minimum fuel consumption at the same time， and the multi-degree-of-freedom design can reflect the dynamic characteristics of the air-breathing hypersonic missile climbing stage more truly. Improved trajectory performance provides a new idea for trajectory optimization design of air-breathing hypersonic missile. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interior Ballistic Design of a Multi-gas Generators Ejecting System Xiaoying HE, Yanzhong Lin Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 41-46.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.006 Abstract （1043）   HTML （47）    PDF （758KB）（112）       Knowledge map    Save For missile ejecting power system with multi-gas generators， the normal way of solving the interior ballistic equations is assuming the design parameters， the number of generators and the ignition time of gas generators by experience， in order to make the interior ballistic parameters， such as the detached velocity， meet the index requirements. Once the setup of the gas generator parameters is unsuitable， the optimization solution is easily failed. A calculation method is proposed based on the interior ballistic target， such as missile detached velocity. The number， output flux and ignition time of multi-gas generators are calculated step by step. Finally the suitable propellant charge parameters and structure parameters of multi-gas generators are gained. The solution method was realized by programming using Matlab. The interior ballistic simulation for missile launching using different units of multi-gas generators was carried out. The parameters of multi-gas generators computed by this method can be used as the input of the later optimization of interior ballistic solution. The research can greatly support the initial interior ballistic design of missile launching power system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Combat Effectiveness of Anti-UAV Swarm System Based on Improved TOPSIS Method Runze WU, Weishi PENG, Yixuan MA Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (1): 63-72.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.01.007 Abstract （1002）   HTML （10）    PDF （1430KB）（700）       Knowledge map    Save Unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） swarm tactics have emerged in recent years as a new approach to both attack and defense， capable of altering the course of warfare. However， limited research exists on evaluating the operational effectiveness of anti-UAV swarm systems， and commonly used evaluation methods have significant limitations. To address this， a method is proposed for evaluating the combat effectiveness of anti-UAV swarm systems by combining fuzzy analytic hierarchy process （FAHP） and criteria importance through intercriteria correlation （CRITIC） methods to determine weightings， followed by the application of an improved TOPSIS method. First， an evaluation index system for the combat effectiveness of anti-UAV swarm systems is developed using the OODA loop （observe， orient， decide， act）， a decision-making framework. Second， the FAHP-CRITIC method calculates the weightings of the evaluation indices. Third， the improved TOPSIS method is used to rank and optimize the effectiveness values of different schemes. Finally， the proposed evaluation method’s correctness and rationality are validated using control experimental data. A more scientific approach for evaluating the combat effectiveness of anti-UAV swarm systems is provided. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Threat Assessment of Missile Targets Based on Gradient Fuzzy TOPSIS Youxi XU, Jian HE, Xuebo CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 33-40.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.005 Abstract （996）   HTML （59）    PDF （784KB）（145）       Knowledge map    Save A TOPSIS missile target threat assessment algorithm based on gradient fuzzy is proposed for the problem of missile target threat assessment. By using the TOPSIS（technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution） method to calculate weight values and combining gradient fuzzy calculation with the fuzzy matrix， the comprehensive weight values of target threat assessment indicators can be obtained， which can solve the problem of weight deviation caused by large differences in the magnitude of data indicators for various factors， such as large or small deviation. The evaluation results of typical cases indicate that the proposed improved algorithm overcomes the problem of weight difference and effectively enhances the credibility of missile target threat assessment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Construction Method of Digital Parallel Battlefield System Based on Digital Twin Huifang GAO, Guoxian GU, Qingjian HOU, Yan ZHOU, Liangliang WANG Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 82-90.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.009 Abstract （994）   HTML （14）    PDF （1436KB）（220）       Knowledge map    Save To meet the demand of future information warfare， it is of great significance to build a digital parallel battlefield system for analyzing the actual battlefield system. Therefore， based on the related technologies of parallel system and digital twin， the ACP method of artificial system， computational experiment and parallel execution is used in this study， and the construction idea of digital parallel battlefield system is proposed. The construction process of artificial battlefield is introduced in detail from the aspects of battlefield entity， service， twin data and twins. The parallel execution flow of actual battlefield and artificial battlefield is analyzed. The method proposed in this study can provide the basis for commanders to design the combat plans， make the combat plans， organize the combat cooperation， and command and control the battle situation more quickly and accurately. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Phase Transition Control Method for UAV Swarm Based on Birds’ Behaviors Haonan QIU, Ming HE, Wei HAN, Xin XU, Haotian CHEN, Yiran WEI Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (1): 11-22.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.01.002 Abstract （974）   HTML （46）    PDF （3033KB）（258）       Knowledge map    Save UAV swarm has emerged as a crucial new combat force in information warfare. To tackle the challenges of collective shape control in UAV swarms driven by multiple tasks， a phase transition control method for UAV swarms inspired by birds’ behavior is proposed. Firstly， the behavioral patterns of bird flocks are analyzed， and the characteristics of collective defense behavior in bird flocks exemplified by sparrows are summarized. Then， a phase transition control model for UAV swarms based on four rules （four-rules phase transition model， FRPT） is built by introducing centripetal/centrifugal dual force and establishing “mutation” interaction rules. Next， with control parameters and order parameters defined and key control parameters regulated， the phase transition control of UAV swarm is achieved and the effectiveness of the proposed method is experimentally proved. Finally， through the optimal parameter solving of swarm intelligence optimization algorithms， the formation period of ordered phases is shortened by nearly 70%， which validates the optimization feasibility of the proposed method.The method is anticipated to be extensively applied in tasks such as reconnaissance and emergency rescue missions for UAV swarm perception. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Load Cascading Failure Model for Asymmetric Dependent Command and Control Networks Dijiu YUE, Jianhua LI, Jieyong ZHANG, Fei CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 61-71.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.009 Abstract （966）   HTML （42）    PDF （1544KB）（93）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the chain reaction process of failure diffusion when a command and control（C2） network nodes are attacked， based on the asymmetric dependent C2 network model， the initial load is defined by the comprehensive importance of nodes， and the capacity load nonlinear model is used to calculate the node capacity. Based on the characteristics of the physical and logical layers of the C2 network， optimal allocation strategies for failed node capacity and non-uniform load adjustable reassignment strategies are proposed， respectively， a cascading failure model suitable for C2 networks is constructed， and tthe impact of key parameters on the invulnerability of cascading failures in C2 networks is analyzed using numerical simulation. The research results show that the capacity margin differentiation parameter is positively related to the cascade failure scale of C2 network， while the node overload parameter and load partition coefficient are negatively related； faced with attacks， accusing the network of seepage failure， dependent failure， and overload failure， the network becomes more fragile； compared with existing models， the constructed model can more effectively suppress cascading failure propagation and improve network invulnerability. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Calculation and Evaluation Method of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process Yanyan MA, Qiang LIN, Xuhui LI Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 17-23.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.003 Abstract （848）   HTML （68）    PDF （2304KB）（204）       Knowledge map    Save An evaluation method based on analytic hierarchy process （AHP） is proposed to evaluate the electromagnetic environment complexity of electronic equipment. The influencing factors and principles related to the complexity of the electromagnetic environment are introduced. The evaluation index system and the calculation method of each index are analyzed. Quantitative expression form of complex electromagnetic environment is provided. An evaluation model of electromagnetic environment complexity based on decision theory is proposed by AHP. An application example is used to visually display the complexity of the electromagnetic environment in a specific area. The simulation results show that the evaluation and presentation method can comprehensively and accurately describe the complexity of the electromagnetic environment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trajectory Planning for UAV Swarm Target Strikes in Urban Environments Chen FEI, Liang ZHAO, Yongliang HE, Yincheng LI, Song XU Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.01.001 Abstract （842）   HTML （637）    PDF （2274KB）（812）       Knowledge map    Save To solve the problem of UAV target strikes in complex urban environments， a UAV target strike method based on the electric eel foraging optimization （EEFO） algorithm is proposed. First， the method sets up two scenarios， namely the sparse environment without enemy defense and the dense environment with enemy defense， and designs corresponding constraint conditions and trajectory optimization cost functions to meet the flight needs in urban environments. Then， the EEFO algorithm is used to plan a reasonable target strike trajectory for the UAV. Finally， the flight trajectory and fitness value of the EEFO algorithm are obtained and compared with those of the other five algorithms： SO， SCA， WOA， MFO， and HHO. The experimental results show that in a sparse environment with enemy defense， the EEFO algorithm has higher trajectory planning efficiency and stability than the other five algorithms. It consumes the smallest trajectory cost and converges faster. In the dense environment with enemy defense， the EEFO algorithm has the optimal planned target strike trajectory and a better convergence trend of the consumed trajectory cost compared to the other five algorithms， with the highest task completion degree and better performance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Unmanned Swarm Operations Development for Maritime Battlefields Kexiang WANG, Ye LU, Yincheng LI, Shuo CHEN, Chen FEI Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 11-22.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.002 Abstract （829）   HTML （17）    PDF （2353KB）（860）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology， unmanned systems are increasingly applied in the military domain， particularly in maritime operations， becoming a novel mode of warfare. This paper reviews the domestic and international research progress of unmanned swarm combat technology in maritime battlefields， analyzing the latest achievements by various countries and exploring its practical applications in maritime operations. It proposes a framework for unmanned swarm combat systems tailored to maritime battlefields， encompassing multiple layers such as combat platforms， communication networks， mission applications， and command and control. Core functional tasks， including reconnaissance and surveillance as well as firepower strikes， are discussed in depth. Furthermore， the paper examines evaluation metrics， influencing factors， and existing challenges in unmanned swarm combat on the maritime battlefield. It forecasts future development trends in unmanned swarm combat technology for maritime battlefields， focusing on the potential and challenges in technology integration， diversification of combat styles， and cost-effectiveness. The aim is to provide theoretical support and technical references for advancing the application of unmanned swarm technology in maritime battlefields. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of Path Error for Quadcopter Based on BOA-BP Neural Network Shuwei WANG, Jia LI, Jian FENG, Caibin YUE Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (3): 74-81.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.03.009 Abstract （794）   HTML （3）    PDF （1339KB）（37）       Knowledge map    Save An optimization method for BP neural networks based on the butterfly optimization algorithm （BOA） is proposed to address the issue of inaccurate path planning for quadcopters in multi-obstacle environments. The points of the quadcopter along the designated path are used as training samples for the neural network， and the BOA-BP algorithm is employed to train the network to determine the optimal flight path. The simulation results show that the proposed BOA-BP model effectively reduces the path error of the quadcopter compared to the traditional BOA algorithm， with the root mean square error decreasing from 1.60% to 0.003%. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Air Defense Deployment Method Based on NSGAⅡ Algorithm Chenchen HUANG, Suhang LI, Zilong GAO, Yuebing CHENG, Zining Zhao Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (1): 45-51.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.01.005 Abstract （789）   HTML （9）    PDF （1031KB）（206）       Knowledge map    Save Traditional air defense weapon deployment methods primarily focus on optimization models under predefined scenarios， which are inadequate for adapting to the multi-level， multi-path airstrike modes encountered in actual combat. A multi-objective optimization algorithm based on NSGA-II is proposed for a defense system consisting of multiple targets and various air defense weapons. The covering capability and penetration probability are defined as two objective functions， with constraints including battle formation and terrain. This algorithm effectively evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of regional air defense deployments， and addresses the problem of optimizing air defense weapons placement under specific conditions. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method enhances cover capability and improves the interception effectiveness in specific air situations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Application of Space-Based Information Support in Ultra-Long-Range Air Defense Operations Ke LIU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 9-16.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.002 Abstract （789）   HTML （94）    PDF （843KB）（435）       Knowledge map    Save Ultra-long-range air defense is committed to preventing the threat target from thousands of miles away， and requires close cooperation between the three chains of strike chain， accusation chain and intelligence chain. Aiming at the ultra-long range air defense， an innovative warfare method that changes the rules of war， this paper first analyzes the various processes of strike chain， accusation chain and intelligence chain， and then puts forward the space-based information direct support mode. The application of space-based information direct support in ultra-long-range air defense operations is studied， and how space-based information direct support enables strike chain， accusation chain and intelligence chain is deeply discussed， in order to provide reference for the construction and development of ultra-long-range air defense combat information support systems in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A New Relativistic Autonomous Celestial Navigation Method for Near Earth Spacecraft Xianjun ZHAN, Xinlong WANG, Xiucong SUN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 1-8.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.001 Abstract （762）   HTML （723）    PDF （1552KB）（800）       Knowledge map    Save Relativistic navigation is a new high-precision autonomous celestial navigation method. This method obtains spacecraft’s position and velocity information by establishing two types of relativistic effects models， namely starlight gravitational deflection and stellar aberration. Therefore， the accuracy of models directly affects the accuracy of relativistic navigation. However， when establishing the current relation model between starlight gravitational deflection and spacecraft position， only the nearest celestial body is considered. The actual starlight gravitational deflection is not only related to the distance between the spacecraft and the celestial body， but also to factors such as the gravitational coefficient of the celestial body， and the angle between star and celestial body. Therefore， this article takes near Earth spacecraft as the object and considers the starlight gravitational deflection caused by multiple celestial bodies. Thereby， the relation model between starlight gravitational deflection and spacecraft’s position and the relation model between stellar aberration and spacecraft’s velocity are established. Using high-precision stellar angular distance information measured by optical interferometers， combined with orbit dynamics model and optimal estimation algorithm， the high-precision position and velocity of the spacecraft can be obtained. Finally， simulation shows that for geostationary orbit satellites， when the stellar angular distance measurement accuracy is 1 mas， the position and velocity errors of the proposed method are within 100 m and 0.01 m/s， respectively. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of Simulation System of the Anti-aircraft Weapon Actual Equipment Confrontation Experiment Tao LIANG, Desheng JIANG, Chao YIN, Sufan ZHOU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (6): 139-146.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.06.018 Abstract （701）   HTML （4）    PDF （1697KB）（97）       Knowledge map    Save To solve the problems of low fidelity of threat scene， high cost of live fire test and limited scale of participating equipment in the identification process of new anti-aircraft weapon equipment， the simulation system of the anti-aircraft weapon actual equipment confrontation experiment is designed and implemented. By overcoming the technical differences of different types of anti-aircraft weapon radars， the virtual and real targets information can be received by the real radars at the same time. The time synchronization of the internal and external field simulation system over a large area is realized by using the method based on multiple read-write satellite absolute timing+NTP（network time protocol） technology in LAN. The gateway technology is used to realize the interconnection of heterogeneous systems through the simulation system. The practices show that the simulation system runs stably， can be used to carry out the actual equipment confrontation experiment， provides support for testing the combat effectiveness in the system confrontation scenario， and can also provide an important means for commanders to carry out tactical training. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Measurement Method of Time-Sensitive Target Kill Chain Close Time Gang LIU, Ming JI, Junyi XU Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 121-128.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.013 Abstract （700）   HTML （6）    PDF （1736KB）（195）       Knowledge map    Save The measurement of the close time is the key task of planning the time-sensitive target kill chain（TSTKC）. Ignoring the overlapping relationships among the steps of TSTKC， previous studies have adopted methods based on linear accumulation. This paper proposes a dynamic measurement method for the close time of TSTKC based on overlapping relationships additionally. Simulation results show that this method is more accurate， which is helpful for the command organization to capture more strike opportunities. The method also adapts to the changes of the window of vulnerability， which can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the construction， modelling and effectiveness evaluation of TSTKC. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics