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A Review of Air Target Operational Intention Recognition Research Chenhao ZHANG, Yan ZHOU, Yichao CAI, Jiaqi GUO Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.001 Abstract （8574）   HTML （3707）    PDF （762KB）（6558）       Knowledge map    Save With the continuous evolution of war forms and the upgrading of weapons and equipment， the air battlefield situation is becoming more and more complex. Quickly and accurately identifying the combat intention of the target is an important content of battlefield situation assessment， which can provide auxiliary information for commanders to make decisions and help them to seize the initiative in the war. This paper firstly introduces the basic concepts and related models of target intention recognition， defines the concepts of target intention and intention recognition， and determines the status and importance of target intention recognition from two aspects of the operational command decision-making process and information fusion process. Secondly， target features and intention space， as input attributes and recognition framework for intention recognition respectively， are the basis of intention recognition and are reviewed. Then， five common target intention recognition methods such as rule and template matching， evidence theory， Bayesian network， traditional machine learning and neural network are reviewed. The basic mechanism and recognition process of each recognition method are introduced， and its advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Finally， the performance of five kinds of target combat intention recognition methods is compared and analyzed， and the future research direction is prospected. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Optimization Algorithms for UAV Routes Wenbiao HE, Yongjiang HU, Wenguang LI Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 24-32.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.003 Abstract （6187）   HTML （413）    PDF （827KB）（1880）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing mission complexity and environmental uncertainty of UAV， the requirements for route planning also increase， and the complexity of the route planning problem gradually increases from single UAV route planning to multi-UAV planning， and from single mission to multi-mission. To find a solution to the UAV route planning problem， a comprehensive analysis from aspects of concept， connotation， task modeling and algorithm analysis is presented. To solve the problems of existing route planning algorithms， such as， poor optimal path effect， slow convergence speed and tendency of falling into local optimization， applications and problems of UAV route planning with A* algorithm， particle swarm algorithm， genetic algorithm as well as ant colony algorithm are analyzed， and directions of algorithm optimizations and improvements are proposed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Anti-jamming Performance of Adaptive Frequency Selection Diversity in Troposcatter Communication Binsong SHEN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 65-72.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.007 Abstract （6012）   HTML （316）    PDF （2164KB）（831）       Knowledge map    Save In order to improve the evaluation accuracy of anti-jamming performance of frequency selection diversity in troposcatter communication， an analysis method of adaptive frequency selection diversity anti-jamming performance is proposed. Based on the anti-fading diversity reception demodulation algorithm， a frequency selection anti-jamming analysis model is established. Through simulation analysis， accurate anti-interference performance of frequency selection diversity is obtained， and quantized analysis results are obtained according to different interference characteristics. The simulation results show that the adaptive frequency selection diversity anti-jamming analysis method is superior to the existing troposcatter communication anti-jamming analysis method， convenient and effective， and significantly improves the accuracy of anti-jamming performance evaluation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Improved Filtering Algorithm for Filtering Divergence in Integrated Navigation Yuhao LI, Yu CHEN, Yuhang LIU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 58-64.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.006 Abstract （5577）   HTML （329）    PDF （891KB）（788）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the problems of Kalman filter dispersion and inability to accurately track the error changes in the vehicle combination navigation system， an improved adaptive filtering algorithm is designed. By analyzing the judging condition of filter divergence in principle， combining Sage-Husa filtering with multiple fading filtering algorithm， the fading factor is introduced in the filtering process. The filtering state and updating strategy are switched by the divergence condition， so that the state of filter returns to normal in time when divergence occurs. The improved algorithm is subjected to Jetlink inertial guidance/odometer combination navigation simulation tests and track of vehicle experiment. Simulation and experimental results are presented that the divergence of filter can be suppressed， and in the meanwhile， the adaptability and stability of the filter are enhanced to a certain extent. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analytical Modeling of Radial Electromagnetic Force of IPMSM Considering Asymmetric Saturation Xuelei ZHANG, Shu WANG, Zhengyu LIU, Chenghao KOU, Zuxu GUO Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 45-57.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.005 Abstract （5570）   HTML （336）    PDF （5287KB）（1005）       Knowledge map    Save Due to the magnetic saturation characteristic of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor （IPMSM）， there is no effective method to analyze the radial electromagnetic force on the stator of PMSM. It is also disadvantageous to suppress the electromagnetic vibration and noise of the motor in the early stage of design and development. An analytical calculation model of electromagnetic force is presented to solve the problem of rotor unsymmetrical magnetic saturation of IPMSMs. By combining the winding function method with the equivalent magnetic circuit method， the magnetic dynamic potential of the motor considering the electromagnetic saturation is derived. The equivalent air gap permeability of the motor is calculated by using Carter factor. The air gap magnetic field model is established by the method of magnetic potential multiply permeability， and the analytical model of the radial electromagnetic force of the motor is finally established by the Maxwell stress equation. Finally， the accuracy of the model is verified by finite element method. The model can reflect the relationship between the electromagnetic force and the structure parameters of the motor， and is helpful to improve the structure of the motor quickly in the design stage to suppress the electromagnetic vibration and noise. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Key Technology and Application of Soldier Radio Waveform Chao YUN, Yanxiu ZHANG, Zhiqiang TAN, Panpan JIANG, Yiming QIAN, Yinghao DAN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 73-88.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.008 Abstract （5476）   HTML （265）    PDF （3358KB）（1548）       Knowledge map    Save The research related to the U.S. army soldier radio waveform （SRW） is analysed. An overview of the SRW waveform is given， focusing on the technical regime of the waveform， and a detailed analysis of the protocol stack and the network architecture is presented. The SRW is designed hierarchically from the physical layer， link layer and network layer and the application in relevant radio station （AN/PRC-152 radio station， AN/PRC-154 radio station， AN/PRC-155 radio station） is discussed in depth. Through the analysis and research of SRW waveform and related radio application discussion， it can provide relevant research results and reference basis for the new type of soldier self-organized network waveform design， and promote the development of new system of soldier self-grouping network radio development by leaps and bounds. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Research on Multiple Attribute Decision-Making Methods in Target Threat Assessment Xuegeng ZHU, Jialu LIU Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 89-100.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.009 Abstract （5427）   HTML （247）    PDF （558KB）（851）       Knowledge map    Save Target threat assessment provides data support for command decision-making， and multi-attribute decision-making method is an effective means of target threat assessment. Combined with the characteristics of multi-attribute decision-making methods， the research status of multi-attribute decision-making method in battlefield target threat assessment is systematically summarized from four aspects， which are threat assessment index selection， threat assessment index description， threat assessment index weight determination and target threat ranking method. The problems in each aspect are analyzed， and the future application of multi-attribute decision-making method in battlefield target threat assessment is discussed， so as to provide reference for subsequent research on battlefield target threat assessment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review on Complex Battlefield Electromagnetic Environment Yanyan MA, Qiang LIN, Chuang NIU, Duanyang SHI, Lei CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 16-23.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.002 Abstract （5392）   HTML （494）    PDF （830KB）（3233）       Knowledge map    Save The complex battlefield electromagnetic environment is an important element of the modern battlefield. It is important to master its connotation and characteristics to improve battlefield perception， weapon effectiveness， and survivability. The complex battlefield electromagnetic environment research has great application value for weapon capability. The basic concepts and research status of complex battlefield electromagnetic environment is summarized. The study of complex battlefield electromagnetic environment is summarized as electromagnetic environment description， monitoring， measurement and construction， and weapon adapt-ability test in two aspects of cognitive research and application research， and these five contents are discussed respectively. Finally， the future research direction and trend of complex battlefield electromagnetic environment are prospected Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Time/Frequency-Domain Index Mapping of Air-Defense Missile Rolling Channel Control Shuaihao YAN, Mingying WEI, Yongbin ZHENG Modern Defense Technology    2024, 52 (4): 33-44.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2024.04.004 Abstract （5000）   HTML （331）    PDF （2478KB）（636）       Knowledge map    Save In the design of air-defense missile control system， how to quickly and efficiently design the control system to meet the given index has always been a hot issue. In this paper， the control structure is designed from the mathematical point of view. Taking the design of the rolling channel control system as an example， the mapping relationship between the time-domain index， the frequency-domain index and the control parameters， and the mapping relationship between the time-domain index and the frequency-domain index are established by using the analytical method， the root locus method and the amplitude-phase characteristic Bode diagram method. The mapping relationship can give consideration to both time-domain and frequency-domain indexes to design control parameters more quickly and efficiently， and can also obtain the rule of index changes when control parameters change. Finally， the correlation among system time constant， rise time， cut-off frequency and closed loop bandwidth is established analytically. Through this correlation， a clearer physical understanding of the system can be established， which is helpful to guide how to take measures when the system oscillates or diverges in engineering design. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Technological Development and Trends of Foreign Shipboard Missile Launchers Qiang GUO, Zhiyan ZHANG, Jian LI, Huiguo QIN, Xueming PENG Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 1-12.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.001 Abstract （4611）   HTML （1870）    PDF （5804KB）（17844）       Knowledge map    Save Shipboard missile launching systems have become the primary weaponry systems for modern naval vessels. Their technological level， structural configuration， and production costs directly impact the operational effectiveness， technical performance， and combat paradigms of entire shipborne systems. This paper presents the evolutionary process of technological iterations in international shipborne missile launch systems， outlines the technical characteristics， advantages， and limitations of typical launch systems， and comprehensively discusses the advantages， applications， and current developmental status of modular launch systems in foreign naval surface launch technologies. Based on future combat paradigms， missile launch requirements， and technological trends， the paper analyzes the key development directions and trends for shipboard missile launch systems， particularly modular systems， in the evolution of surface launching technologies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Prograde and Retrograde Orbit Interception Based on the Adjoint Method Yadong CHEN, Bo LÜ, Tianzhu REN, Junhui LIU Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 82-91.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.007 Abstract （4102）   HTML （240）    PDF （2397KB）（2700）       Knowledge map    Save In view of the effect of different prograde and retrograde rendezvous modes on miss distance， the vehicle terminal guidance rendezvous process is modeled and analyzed based on the theory of adjoint method. The original model of the terminal guidance problem is established， and the adjoint model of the problem is established based on the adjoint method. Normalized analytical expressions for the influence of factors such as target maneuver and initial heading error on miss distance were obtained. Based on the above theoretical analysis， the characteristics of reverse orbit head-on rendezvous， pursuit following orbit rendezvous and forward following orbit rendezvous are summarized. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Target Assignment and Fire Scheduling Method for Unmanned Combat Systems Peilin LI, Jie GUO, Xifeng CHEN, Yangyang WAN, Shengjing TANG Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 69-81.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.006 Abstract （3971）   HTML （255）    PDF （3878KB）（3352）       Knowledge map    Save To address the real-time and efficiency requirements for multi-target cooperative interception by unmanned combat systems in dynamic battlefield scenarios， this paper proposes a greedy target assignment and fire scheduling method based on dynamic time window （GTAFS-DTW）. By constructing a relative motion model between combat units and targets， the proposed method incorporates engagement distance constraints， task execution constraints， and target maneuver characteristics. a dynamic time window screening mechanism is designed with the optimization objective of minimizing engagement time and impact time difference. On this basis， a hierarchical greedy strategy is adopted to prioritize unit-target pairs with overlapping feasible engagement intervals， and temporal cooperative optimization is achieved through iterative adjustment of window boundaries and fire scheduling. Simulation results demonstrate that GTAFS-DTW effectively reduces impact time deviation to within 0.5 s in both lateral and longitudinal queue scenarios compared with traditional discrete particle swarm optimization （DPSO）， significantly enhancing computational efficiency and satisfying real-time optimization requirements. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Target Association Method for IFF Based on Evidence Theory Shanyong YAN Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 61-68.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.005 Abstract （3948）   HTML （269）    PDF （1795KB）（2454）       Knowledge map    Save To address the problem of association between IFF targets and radar targets in scenarios dense target scenarios， an association method based on evidence theory is proposed. A positional correlation model is established. Evidence and its basic probability assignment （BPA） are generated based on the azimuth and range measurement capabilities of the radar and IFF interrogator， as well as data from multiple measurements. Evidence derived from multiple measurements of the same target is combined using the Dempster rule to construct a combined evidence set. The association of all targets is completed sequentially based on a maximum value search within the combined evidence set. The simulation results demonstrate that， the proposed method achieves higher association accuracy than the nearest neighbor （NN） method at equivalent time complexity. Furthermore， compared to the Kuhn-Munkres （KM） algorithm， the proposed method achieves higher accuracy in most dense target scenarios with lower time complexity. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Threat Assessment of Penetrating Counter Air Platforms Based on Combination Weighting TOPSIS Menggao TAO, Bingqie WANG, Qingxin ZHANG, Wenjie WEI, Jide TANG, Wensi HE Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 48-60.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.004 Abstract （3563）   HTML （306）    PDF （962KB）（625）       Knowledge map    Save To address the multidimensional threats posed by the U.S. air force's penetrating counter air （PCA） operational system to China's air defense security， this study resolves the evaluation bias caused by the imbalance between subjective and objective weights in traditional threat assessment methods by innovatively constructing a “combined weighting TOPSIS” evaluation model. An assessment framework encompassing seven core metrics—including collaborative command and control effectiveness， electromagnetic suppression capability， and fire strike effectiveness—is established based on PCA operational characteristics. Subsequently， the entropy weight method is employed to quantify objective weights for platform intrinsic attributes， while the eigenvector method is utilized to derive subjective weights reflecting tactical intent. A game theory-based deviation minimization algorithm is introduced to achieve Nash equilibrium optimization of the combined subjective-objective weights. PCA platform threat assessment model is developed using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution （TOPSIS）， enabling the prioritization of PCA platform threats. Case simulation results validate the effectiveness of this threat assessment methodology， which provides a reference framework for evaluating incoming PCA platform threats in counter-penetration operations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Method for Rapid Acquiring and Tracking Hypersonic Cooperative Targets Jingxiao LI, Gege TIAN, Guanghui XU, Chenglu ZHAO, Jing LUO Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 92-99.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.008 Abstract （3555）   HTML （213）    PDF （3497KB）（605）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the urgent requirements of guidance radar to guide hypersonic weapons to intercept incoming targets in fiercely air-to-ground military confrontation， rapid acquisition and tracking technologies are studied. There are several problems need to be solved： one is the RCS of hypersonic missiles/shells is small that not easy to acquire， the second is the hypersonic missiles/shells flight speed is high and has a wide speed distribution that difficult to detect and track. The problems are solved from three aspects： radar system design， waveform design and tracking model design. Through the design of radar operating system based on narrowband signal processing and PD processing， the influence of range migration is reduced， and the detectability of dim target under strong clutter background is improved. Through the design of guidance waveform based on double PRF（pulse repetition frequency） sets， the velocity ambiguity in Doppler is resolved. Through the design of search interception screen based on prior information and the design of taking velocity into track initiation and track correlation model， the rapid acquisition and stable tracking of hypersonic cooperative targets are realized. The effectiveness of the proposed model is fully verified in the semi-physical simulation test. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Impact of Aircraft Kinematic State on Radar Detection Probability Kunkun LI, Haiqing LUO, Zijing LIU, Tianxiang LIU Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 100-109.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.009 Abstract （3204）   HTML （191）    PDF （1991KB）（478）       Knowledge map    Save Maintaining a low detection probability by defense radars in vital areas is a fundamental requirement for aircraft route planning during aerial surveys. This necessitates considering and assessing the variations in radar detection probability caused by the kinematic state uncertainty of the aircraft itself. To this end， analysis method based on unscented transformation （UT） is proposed to evaluate the impact of aircraft kinematic state uncertainty on detection probability. Relevant models regarding aircraft detection by radar are presented. The UT method is introduced to establish an process for the propagation of aircraft kinematic state （involving position， and attitude） uncertainty and their impact on radar detection probability. A simulation experiment scenario is designed wherein an aerial survey aircraft is detected by a single-pulse defense radar. The Monte Carlo method is employed to verify the high analysis accuracy of the UT method. Additionally， the patterns regarding how varying degrees of aircraft kinematic state uncertainty affect detection probability are analyzed. Furthermore， comparisons with the traditional linear covariance analysis method demonstrate that the UT method possesses both simplicity and high computational efficiency. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of Military Simulation Experiment Technology Zhen ZHAO, Xiaolin ZHAO, Maolin GAO, Jie MIN, Weikang CHEN Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 34-47.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.003 Abstract （3165）   HTML （320）    PDF （2667KB）（1283）       Knowledge map    Save Currently， countries worldwide attach great importance to the development and application of military simulation experiment technology， which plays a key role in improving combat capability， supporting equipment demonstration， promoting the innovation of tactics and methods， optimizing joint operation processes， and supporting technology research， development， and verification. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of military simulation experiment technology. It first elucidates the core concepts， logical processes， and the close connections among model classifications. Then， starting from the top-level architecture of military simulation software， it deeply analyzes mainstream simulation engines， frameworks， and typical systems to demonstrate their support for military simulation experiment technology. Finally， it explores the application prospects of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and the Metaverse in military simulation， comprehensively presenting the overall architecture and development trajectory of military simulation experiment technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Israeli Iron Dome Air Defense System Performance and Operation Jiachuan ZHAO, Zhangyi YAO, Guoliang CHEN, Boya LI, Tianyi JIN Modern Defense Technology    2025, 53 (2): 19-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2025.02.002 Abstract （2821）   HTML （78）    PDF （2463KB）（4327）       Knowledge map    Save The development of the Israeli Iron Dome air defense system is reviewed， and based on a brief introduction to the composition and functional characteristics of the system， an analysis of the Tamir missile's general scheme， aerodynamic characteristics， detection and guidance， and warhead design scheme is highlighted.By counting the operation of Iron Dome， the system effectiveness is analyzed and the interception capability of a battery for rocket barrage is given. On the basis of the development path of Iron Dome， the technical trend of foreign short-range air defense systems is summarized. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Image Restoration Methods Based on Lucky Imaging Pin LÜ, Yiquan WU Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 13-33.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.002 Abstract （2747）   HTML （337）    PDF （3369KB）（1380）       Knowledge map    Save Lucky imaging constitutes a pivotal approach for restoring turbulence-degraded imagery. Recent advances have explored method optimizations across diverse application scenarios. However， existing reviews published years ago do not cover breakthroughs from the past decade. This study conducts a thorough investigation of cutting-edge algorithms， first introducing classical methodologies and outlining persistent challenges. We then elaborate on the developments and applications through three dimensions： real-time implementation， multi-target adaptability， and integration with complementary image processing techniques. A dedicated turbulence dataset is released alongside systematic analysis of benchmark datasets， evaluation metrics， and comparative performance of leading methods. Scenario-specific applicability and inherent limitations are analyzed， culminating in six future trajectories： GPU-edge heterogeneous computing， dynamic turbulence modeling with non-stationary compensation， data-driven end-to-end fusion， multi-modal cross-scale restoration， event-camera-based dynamic imaging， and standardized evaluation frameworks with open-source ecosystems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Anomaly Detection in Radar Reconnaissance Signals Using Multidimensional Temporal Intelligence Fusion Network Linxuan HUANG, Minghao HE, Chunlai YU, Mingyue FENG, Fuqun ZHANG, Yinan ZHANG Modern Defense Technology    2026, 54 (2): 118-127.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-086x.2026.02.011 Abstract （2649）   HTML （159）    PDF （1953KB）（258）       Knowledge map    Save Addressing the issue of data anomalies in radar countermeasure reconnaissance signals caused by susceptibility to interference in complex electromagnetic environments， this paper proposes a multidimensional temporal intelligent fusion network （MDTFusionNet）. The architecture integrates temporal convolutional network（TCN）， long short-term memory（LSTM）， and self-attention mechanisms with a gated network that dynamically adjusts module weights through a gated network， and optimizes model robustness by combining weight sparsity constraints. This constructs an anomaly detection model capable of not only capturing short-term fluctuations in radar signals and grasping long-term trends but also dynamically focusing on critical pulse information. To verify its effectiveness， multi-layer perceptron（MLP）， TCN， and LeNet networks are used for comparison， and evaluations are conducted from the perspectives of loss function and accuracy. Experimental results show that the loss function outliers of MDTFusionNet are significantly smaller than those of traditional models， and the accuracy is higher. Ablation studies further confirm that each component in MDTFusionNet has its respective role， enabling better learning of temporal data feature distributions and accurate anomaly detection， verifying its superiority and practicality in radar countermeasure reconnaissance signal anomaly detection. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics