The current simulation analysis method for oscillator phase noise is limited by the inherent models， and the resulting noise curve fails to adequately reflect the nonlinear characteristics of the components， thereby posing challenges in guiding practical designs. This paper proposes an approach based on nonlinear models combined with impedance network analysis. A nonlinear component model that is established to ensure the effectiveness of the simulation. Impedance network analysis is applied to derive circuit parameters affecting the system's phase noise. A simulation circuit incorporating the nonlinear model is designed， and the effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated using the advanced design system （ADS） simulation platform. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method aligns more closely with practical design compared to traditional methods. The presented noise optimization scheme is feasible and effective， offering valuable insights for improving phase noise metrics and enhancing overall system performance in practical applications.
The measurement of the close time is the key task of planning the time-sensitive target kill chain（TSTKC）. Ignoring the overlapping relationships among the steps of TSTKC， previous studies have adopted methods based on linear accumulation. This paper proposes a dynamic measurement method for the close time of TSTKC based on overlapping relationships additionally. Simulation results show that this method is more accurate， which is helpful for the command organization to capture more strike opportunities. The method also adapts to the changes of the window of vulnerability， which can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the construction， modelling and effectiveness evaluation of TSTKC.
Troposcatter communication is one of the important wireless communication means of U.S. army and has played an important role in the past military operations. In order to meet the operational requirements under the strategy of great power competition， the U.S. army is purchasing and equipping the next generation troposcatter （NGT） communication equipment. Aiming at the NGT communication equipment of the U.S. army， this paper systematically combs the main performance and current development trend， summarizes the main characteristics and advantages of the NGT equipment compared with the active equipment， and studies the later development trend combined with the concept and technology development of the U.S. army. Finally， the paper sums up the successful experience of the U.S. army in the construction of the NGT communication equipment.
Traditional air defense weapon deployment methods primarily focus on optimization models under predefined scenarios， which are inadequate for adapting to the multi-level， multi-path airstrike modes encountered in actual combat. A multi-objective optimization algorithm based on NSGA-II is proposed for a defense system consisting of multiple targets and various air defense weapons. The covering capability and penetration probability are defined as two objective functions， with constraints including battle formation and terrain. This algorithm effectively evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of regional air defense deployments， and addresses the problem of optimizing air defense weapons placement under specific conditions. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method enhances cover capability and improves the interception effectiveness in specific air situations.
Aiming at the complex redundancy problem of indicators in the existing index system for evaluating the effectiveness of maintenance support of missile equipment， an index reduction method based on the improved Vague set is proposed. The method introduces the generalized advantage theory into the traditional Vague set theory， designs and constructs the Vague generalized advantage relationship model， and proposes the index reduction method based on the Vague generalized advantage relationship. Taking the whole system of evaluation index for maintenance support of air defense missile equipment under the background of islands and reefs as an example， it is proved that this method can reduce the index system more scientifically and efficiently through comparative analysis.
An evaluation method based on analytic hierarchy process （AHP） is proposed to evaluate the electromagnetic environment complexity of electronic equipment. The influencing factors and principles related to the complexity of the electromagnetic environment are introduced. The evaluation index system and the calculation method of each index are analyzed. Quantitative expression form of complex electromagnetic environment is provided. An evaluation model of electromagnetic environment complexity based on decision theory is proposed by AHP. An application example is used to visually display the complexity of the electromagnetic environment in a specific area. The simulation results show that the evaluation and presentation method can comprehensively and accurately describe the complexity of the electromagnetic environment.
Aiming at the current situation that the missile equipment maintenance support effectiveness system is complex and huge，the indexes are interrelated，the data information is difficult to obtain and easy to lose and distort，a method based on grey-improved two-tuple linguistic is proposed to evaluate the maintenance support effectiveness.The method uses the improved G1 method and the improved criteria importance though intercrieria correlation（CRITIC） method to obtain the subjective and objective weights respectively，and obtains the comprehensive weight according to the minimum information identification method.The grey clustering analysis method is used to transform the quantitative data into the binary semantic form，and the improved binary semantic is used to transform the qualitative language evaluation information and evaluate the complete system.The weight of each index obtained by is more scientific and reasonable，avoiding the loss and distortion of information，and the evaluation results are more accurate.The evaluation results of the model are basically consistent with the actual situation.It can truly and scientifically reflect the effectiveness level of missile equipment maintenance support and can find out the weak links in a targeted manner，which can provide a basis for the management and improvement of missile equipment maintenance support system.
A target track simulation method based on embedded PSO is proposed to address the fidelity and universal applicability issues of radar-moving target track simulation. Firstly， the principle of simulation moving target track by UAV is analyzed， the motion model and coupling relationship between the UAV and the simulated target is discussed and the control quantity and control equation are determined. Then， based on constraint conditions of target motion track simulation， the objective optimization fitness function is proposed by UAV performance and energy consumption， and the optimal control model of target track simulation is established. Finally， in order to improve the accuracy and practicality of the model solution， the particle swarm optimization algorithm is improved and embedded in the model solution， achieving effective simulation of different motion tracks of the target. The simulation results indicate that this method can have wide applicability for simulating the track of moving targets.
Electromagnetic gun can customize appropriate projectile according to the vulnerability of individual target. For an aim velocity of projectile， different voltage， current， and dimension of rails， which formed solution space with multiple feasible ones， and the optimal solution should be found. Based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II（NSGA-Ⅱ）， taking the muzzle velocity and energy efficiency as the goal， four multi objective optimization problems are proposed， in which projectile mass， dimension of rails， capacitance， voltage and current of electric power， are involved progressively. Based on Pareto optimal solution that solved with NSGA-Ⅱ， the main influence factors were analyzed， and some useful conclusions were drawn.
A smart jamming method for synthetic aperture radar（SAR） multiple targets based on noise convolutional modulation is proposed to address the shortcomings of traditional noise convolutional jamming that the position of the suppression area can’t be flexibly controlled in the azimuth direction. This method performs range frequency shift， azimuth phase shift， and convolutional modulation with noise templates on the intercepted signal to control the position of the suppression area. The intercepted signal is subjected to noise convolutional modulation with different frequencies and phase to control the number of suppression areas. Theoretical and simulation results show that the proposed method achieves flexible control of the position of the suppressed area in the azimuth and range directions， and achieves jamming from a single jammer to multiple areas to be covered， improving jamming gain and achieving great jamming effects. It has certain reference value for practical engineering applications.
In order to solve the problems of Kalman filter dispersion and inability to accurately track the error changes in the vehicle combination navigation system， an improved adaptive filtering algorithm is designed. By analyzing the judging condition of filter divergence in principle， combining Sage-Husa filtering with multiple fading filtering algorithm， the fading factor is introduced in the filtering process. The filtering state and updating strategy are switched by the divergence condition， so that the state of filter returns to normal in time when divergence occurs. The improved algorithm is subjected to Jetlink inertial guidance/odometer combination navigation simulation tests and track of vehicle experiment. Simulation and experimental results are presented that the divergence of filter can be suppressed， and in the meanwhile， the adaptability and stability of the filter are enhanced to a certain extent.
With the increasing mission complexity and environmental uncertainty of UAV， the requirements for route planning also increase， and the complexity of the route planning problem gradually increases from single UAV route planning to multi-UAV planning， and from single mission to multi-mission. To find a solution to the UAV route planning problem， a comprehensive analysis from aspects of concept， connotation， task modeling and algorithm analysis is presented. To solve the problems of existing route planning algorithms， such as， poor optimal path effect， slow convergence speed and tendency of falling into local optimization， applications and problems of UAV route planning with A* algorithm， particle swarm algorithm， genetic algorithm as well as ant colony algorithm are analyzed， and directions of algorithm optimizations and improvements are proposed.
The complex battlefield electromagnetic environment is an important element of the modern battlefield. It is important to master its connotation and characteristics to improve battlefield perception， weapon effectiveness， and survivability. The complex battlefield electromagnetic environment research has great application value for weapon capability. The basic concepts and research status of complex battlefield electromagnetic environment is summarized. The study of complex battlefield electromagnetic environment is summarized as electromagnetic environment description， monitoring， measurement and construction， and weapon adapt-ability test in two aspects of cognitive research and application research， and these five contents are discussed respectively. Finally， the future research direction and trend of complex battlefield electromagnetic environment are prospected
In order to efficiently and accurately evaluate the friction torque of the jet vane's manipulator under the laboratory conditions， a test system for the friction torque of the jet vane shaft bearing is designed. On this basis， a test system for the friction torque of the manipulator is further built to fully simulate the actual installation state of the jet vane system， and then a test method for the friction torque is proposed， the variation trend of the key bearings friction torque with the load and overload coefficient are revealed， and the key factors affecting the friction torque of the manipulator are explored. The test results show that the test system provides a reasonable test method for accurately obtaining the friction torque. The friction torque of the key bearings of the rudder shaft increases with the rise of the load and overload coefficient， and the bearing friction torque plays a leading role in the friction torque of the manipulator.
In view of the problem of multi-missile interception of atmospheric high-speed maneuvering targets， this paper proposed a multi-missile interception decision method based on footprint prediction. Firstly， based on the maneuvering ability analysis and curve fitting method of the interceptor， the analytical model of its footprint was established， and the boundary of the footprint of the interceptor was generated with the given launch point and predicted interception point. Secondly， combined with the fast footprint prediction method of the offensive， the multi-missile interception decision-making method of the high-speed maneuvering target was transformed into the optimization problem of the coverage of the offensive and defensive footprint， and the optimization algorithm was designed to solve the multi-missile interception strategy， which used the least interceptors to cover the maximum range of the footprint of the offensive. Finally， the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by numerical simulation.
Folding wing deployment scheme of small patrol UAV has an important influence on UAV flight mode switching. According to folding characteristics and deployment requirements of UAV folding wing， two deployment schemes synchronous deployment and stepwise deployment are proposed. With deployment dynamics model of a folding wing being established based on Lagrangian method， and folding wing drag force during deployment being calculated with aerodynamic simulation tool， driving torques needed for different deployment schemes are obtained. Driving torque is used as the evaluation criterion to optimise deployment scheme of the folding wing. Simulation results show that the stepwise deployment scheme has a short deployment time and a small deployment torque to reach the required deployment position. Finally， a deployment mechanism is designed for the stepwise deployment scheme， and static strength analysis of the structure is provided to verify the feasibility of the structure.
The shell model of fragment penetration is built by finite element analysis software ANSYS/LS-DYNA to study the penetration effect of G45 steel fragments with different qualities on medium and large caliber ammunition shells. The ammunition shell is changed into a Q235 steel plate by the equivalent formula， and numerical simulations of the penetration of the equivalent target plate Q235 steel by G45 steel fragments with different qualities at different speeds are carried out. The simulation results show that under the same mass， the penetration depth and diameter of G45 steel fragments impinging on the target plate increase with the rising velocity. The small mass G45 steel fragments of 4.7 g and 9.8 g cannot penetrate the equivalent target of medium and large caliber projectiles in the velocity range of 800–1800 m/s. The limit penetration velocity of 19.5 g G45 steel fragment penetrating the equivalent target of 20 mm medium and large caliber projectiles is between 1 200 and 1 400 m/s.
According to the needs of performance evaluation of intelligent radar information processing， the performance evaluation index system of intelligent radar information processing was constructed from three technologies including target detection， target recognition， and residual clutter suppression. The attribute hierarchy model was improved by replacing the proportion scale with the score scale， and the index system was weighted by the improved attribute hierarchy model. In the evaluation model， the grey correlation analysis method was introduced， and the grey correlation coefficient was used to replace the Euclidean distance. The improved technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution method was used to rank the performance of different intelligent radar schemes， and the optimal intelligent radar technology scheme was screened out. The effectiveness of this method was verified by the working data of intelligent radars.
Simulation research on triggering current is the kernel of electromagnetic railgun investigation， based on its equivalent electric circuit， the models of pulsed power， rail， armature， sliding electrical contact between armature and rail are established， and the electromagnetic railgun simulation model is established by integrating the component models together. By means of Dommel-EMTP（electromagnetic transient program）algorithm， the triggering current and voltage of every pulse forming unit are simulated， then the total discharging current， velocity and displacement of armature are solved. Compared with the tested date， the relative error of simulation results of total discharging current and armature muzzle velocity is less than 4% ， which indicates the effectiveness and accuracy of the model and provides basic method for further research on electromagnetic railgun.
With the rapid development of deep learning， the object detection network model hsa achieved great success in ship detection from synthetic aperture radar （SAR） images. In order to achieve better results， a large detection network is usually adopted， which requires more computing resources and slower inference. Knowledge distillation can effectively compress the network， but most of them are for image classification. Considering the difference between ships and background in SAR images， this paper proposes a combining local and global distillation method for ship detection. Considering the scattering characteristics of ships in SAR images， slice preprocessing in the amplitude direction is performed on the ship sample data constructing a separate data channel with more significant scattering characteristics， which improves the quality of input data fed to the network. Experimental results based on SAR ship detection dataset （SSDD） show that the proposed approach can effectively reduce the price of the network model and improve the detection performance， achieving 90.7% mAP.
Based on the analysis of the concept of military meta universe and related technologies，this paper proposes the idea of building a military ecosystem by applying high and new technologies and major projects such as virtual/reality fusion interaction，network information system，etc. The advantages of building cloud services in the military ecosystem are analyzed， which can provide platform and integrated processing and shared transmission services for battlefield information support. In order to adapt to future combat scenarios and missions， the air combat force has both the operational requirements of connecting the network and building the cloud， and the advantages of networking and building the cloud. This paper analyzes the basic concepts and main content of battlefield situation information， focusing its role in all aspects of air combat， and points out that air combat based on real-time battlefield situation information can achieve the goal of Find and Destroy. The air combat cloud kill pattern in the military ecosystem is designed and the method of closing the air combat kill chain based on battlefield situation information is proposed， so as to provide reference for advancing the development of the modern joint operation theory of our army and improving the joint air combat capability.
The features of the aerospace defense equipment system include the large quantity of its elements， the large space of the deployment， the deep cross-linking of the coordination， and the strong game confrontation. The battle management of the equipment elements is a necessary tool for the improving of the combat effectiveness， and is also proven to be one of the most effective tools by the practice at home and abroad. This paper shows the basic connotation， the features and the abroad development status of the battle management of the aerospace defense equipment system， and provides some thoughts and advices on the subsequent development.
For a comprehensive evaluation of the comprehensive performance of the adaptive camouflage system， a three-level model of set pair analysis is proposed， and the connection degree algorithm of indexes at each level and the grading method of comprehensive confidence are constructed. The two-level index system is refined from four aspects： technical indexes， service indexes， environmental indexes， and maintenance indexes， and the normalization method of each index is proposed. According to the real-time adaptability of the adaptive camouflage system to the background， the division criteria are put forward， and the grade intervals of each index are constructed. The weights of the two levels of indexes are obtained by the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. The examples provided verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the method. The method can provide a reference for the application orientation of the adaptive camouflage system.
It is difficult to predict the combat intention of an air-defense target. Hence， an intention recognition method based on the dynamic Bayesian network and template matching is proposed to predict the combat intention of air-defense targets. Specifically， target feature information based on real-time perception， domain expert knowledge， and accumulated historical combat situation data are used for the reasoning of current combat operations of an air-defense target by the dynamic Bayesian network. Then， a possible sequence of operations is predicted according to the current combat operations of the target. On this basis， the combat intention of the target is predicted by the situation template matching method. The simulation shows that the proposed method can effectively predict the intention of the air-defense target and obtain a higher recognition rate.
In view of the safety accidents when the ammunition itself is attacked by the enemy or improperly operated and the safety problems of high-value weapon platform ammunition， through a large number of data research， on the basis of summarizing and analyzing the research progress of ammunition safety problems in western military powers， the types of assessment tests and the related research carried out by domestic scholars， combined with the shooting range test， eight kinds of test assessment methods for the safety test of the tested ammunition are put forward， including safety drop， bullet attack， fragment impact， liquid fuel/external fire， slow heating， symppathetic reaction， shaped charge jet and braking of rocket sled. The corresponding assessment requirements and evaluation methods are given for the reaction types and reaction levels of the tested ammunition after stimulation. Some suggestions are put forward for the research on ammunition safety in China.
According to the development of US Ballistic Missile Defense System （BMDS） and the operational concept of kill chain and kill net， the concept and their closure of the information chain， time chain， energy chain， recognition chain， precision chain within the kill chain of US BMDS are analysed with the typical example of U.S. ground-based midcaurse defense system against the North Korea’s intercontinental ballistic missile attacking American mainland. The kill net and its comprehensive defense capability of ballistic missile defense for American mainland and overseas theater are analysed with the typical examples.
Aiming at the problem that the determination of key elements such as force， time and camouflage resources in the camouflage scheme is based on the subjective experience of camouflage commanders， the ontology technology is used to describe the camouflage characteristic parameters of military targets， the operation rules of camouflage， camouflage and false target camouflage are designed and optimized， and the framework of camouflage scheme aided design system is established. The parameters of camouflage targets after ontology are analyzed， and the time of camouflage scheme is automatically deduced. The quantitative results of the key elements of the camouflage scheme of troops and camouflage resources are automatically reasoned to form the auxiliary suggestions of the camouflage scheme. Taking three types of typical military targets in the artillery position system as an example， the proposed system can ontologize their corresponding target parameters and generate reasoning results that conform to military reality， which has certain camouflage action guidance value.
With the gradual maturity of unmanned underwater vehicle（UUV）， the study of its application in modern underwater warfare is an important basis for improving the theory of future underwater warfare. This paper analyzes the operational requirements of UUV about covert pursuit，launching a surprise attack and confusing enemy and attack， and researches three operational modes of UUV： passive centralized type， semi-active distribution type and resident distribution type， from the perspective of improving underwater combat capabilities. In addition， in order to adapt to the future underwater high-intensity warfare， the key technologies such as deep-diving communication， autonomous control and underwater distribution and recovery of UUV are proposed to provide an important practical basis for the development of UUV combat theory.
The asymmetric medium distribution of ventilated cavitating will affect their hydrodynamic force and then the cavitating stability control. In recent years， the understanding of the flow characteristics is relatively limited. The flow characteristics of asymmetric ventilated cavity is demonstrated by experimental and numerical methods. The results show that the asymmetric flow leads to the formation of asymmetric wet zone. On the basis of different flow media， asymmetric wetted region can be compartmentalized into transparent gas zone， water vapor mixing zone and wetted zone. As the boundary of water vapor mixing zone develops from incident flow axis to back flow axis， the relatively high pressure decreases， cavity thickness increases， the way that the liquid entering into the cavity is gradually transformed from the axial direction to the circumferential direction， and the area of water vapor mixing increases. In the water-gas mixture flow， with the liquid layer formed along the circumferential direction developing to the back flow axis， a low speed， high pressure and water vapor mixing area is formed at the back flow axis. Furthermore this area has enhanced turbulent characteristics accompanied by large shedding of cavitating vortex.
